Prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous areas, Northeastern Brazil, 2019-2021.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in selected areas of the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methods: This was a population-based survey with probabilistic sampling. For the diagnosis of trachoma, external ocular examination was performed using head magnifying loupes, at 2.5X magnification. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in the population aged ≥15 years were estimated. Relative frequencies of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics were obtained. Results: The study included 7 971 individuals, 3 429 from non-indigenous populations and 4 542 from indigenous populations. The prevalence of TF in non-indigenous and indigenous populations was 0.1% and 2.9%, respectively, and the prevalence of TT among indigenous populations was 0.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of TF and TT in the two evaluation units in the state of Maranhão were within the limits recommended for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, the prevalence of TF was higher in the indigenous evaluation unit, indicating a greater vulnerability of this population to the disease. The prevalence of TF of below 5.0% implies a reduction in transmission, which may have resulted from improved socioeconomic conditions and/or the implementation of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy.

Prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous areas, Northeastern Brazil, 2019–2021 / Prevalencia del tracoma en zonas de población indígena y no indígena del nordeste de Brasil, 2019-2021 / Prevalência de tracoma em áreas indígenas e não indígenas, Nordeste do Brasil, 2019-2021

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in selected areas of the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methods. This was a population-based survey with probabilistic sampling. For the diagnosis of trachoma, external ocular examination was performed using head magnifying loupes, at 2.5X magnification. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) in children aged 1–9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in the population aged ≥15 years were estimated. Relative frequencies of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics were obtained. Results. The study included 7 971 individuals, 3 429 from non-indigenous populations and 4 542 from indigenous populations. The prevalence of TF in non-indigenous and indigenous populations was 0.1% and 2.9%, respectively, and the prevalence of TT among indigenous populations was 0.1%. Conclusions. The prevalence of TF and TT in the two evaluation units in the state of Maranhão were within the limits recommended for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, the prevalence of TF was higher in the indigenous evaluation unit, indicating a greater vulnerability of this population to the disease. The prevalence of TF of below 5.0% implies a reduction in transmission, which may have resulted from improved socioeconomic conditions and/or the implementation of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia del tracoma en poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en determinadas zonas del estado de Maranhão, en el nordeste de Brasil. Métodos. Se trató de una encuesta de ámbito poblacional con muestreo probabilístico. Para el diagnóstico del tracoma, se realizó un examen ocular externo con una lupa frontal de 2,5X aumentos. Se estimó la prevalencia de la inflamación tracomatosa folicular (TF) en la población infantil de 1 a 9 años y la prevalencia de la triquiasis tracomatosa (TT) en la población de 15 años o más. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias relativas de las características sociodemográficas y ambientales. Resultados. En el estudio participaron 7 971 personas, 3 429 de poblaciones no indígenas y 4 542 de poblaciones indígenas. La prevalencia de la TF en las poblaciones no indígenas e indígenas fue de 0,1% y 2,9%, respectivamente, en tanto que la de la TT en las poblaciones indígenas fue de 0,1%. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la TF y la TT en las dos unidades de evaluación del estado de Maranhão estuvo dentro de los límites recomendados para la eliminación del tracoma como problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de la TF fue mayor en la unidad de evaluación indígena, lo que indica una mayor vulnerabilidad de esta población a la enfermedad. La prevalencia de la TF inferior al 5,0% implica una reducción de la transmisión, que puede haber sido consecuencia tanto de la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicas como de la aplicación de la estrategia SAFE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência do tracoma em populações indígenas e não indígenas em áreas selecionadas do estado do Maranhão, na região Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos. Inquérito de base populacional com amostragem probabilística. Para o diagnóstico de tracoma, foi realizado exame ocular externo com o auxílio de lupas binoculares com ampliação de 2,5×. Foram estimadas a prevalência de inflamação tracomatosa folicular (TF) em crianças de 1 a 9 anos de idade e a prevalência de triquíase tracomatosa (TT) na população com idade ≥15 anos. Foram obtidas as frequências relativas das características sociodemográficas e ambientais. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 7 971 indivíduos (3 429 de populações não indígenas e 4 542 de populações indígenas). A prevalência de TF nas populações não indígenas e indígenas foi de 0,1% e 2,9%, respectiva- mente, e a prevalência de TT entre as populações indígenas foi de 0,1%. Conclusões. A prevalência de TF e TT nas duas unidades de avaliação no estado do Maranhão ficou dentro dos limites recomendados para a eliminação do tracoma como problema de saúde pública. No entanto, a prevalência de TF foi maior na unidade de avaliação indígena, indicando uma maior vulnerabilidade dessa população à doença. A prevalência de TF abaixo de 5,0% implica uma redução na transmissão, que pode ter sido resultado de melhores condições socioeconômicas e da implementação da estratégia SAFE da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous areas, Northeastern Brazil, 2019-2021 / Prevalencia del tracoma en zonas de población indígena y no indígena del nordeste de Brasil, 2019-2021 / Prevalência de tracoma em áreas indígenas e não indígenas, Nordeste do Brasil, 2019-2021

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the prevalence of trachoma in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in selected areas of the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methods. This was a population-based survey with probabilistic sampling. For the diagnosis of trachoma, external ocular examination was performed using head magnifying loupes, at 2.5X magnification. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in the population aged ≥15 years were estimated. Relative frequencies of sociodemographic and environmental characteristics were obtained. Results. The study included 7 971 individuals, 3 429 from non-indigenous populations and 4 542 from indigenous populations. The prevalence of TF in non-indigenous and indigenous populations was 0.1% and 2.9%, respectively, and the prevalence of TT among indigenous populations was 0.1%. Conclusions. The prevalence of TF and TT in the two evaluation units in the state of Maranhão were within the limits recommended for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. However, the prevalence of TF was higher in the indigenous evaluation unit, indicating a greater vulnerability of this population to the disease. The prevalence of TF of below 5.0% implies a reduction in transmission, which may have resulted from improved socioeconomic conditions and/or the implementation of the World Health Organization SAFE strategy.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia del tracoma en poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en determinadas zonas del estado de Maranhão, en el nordeste de Brasil. Métodos. Se trató de una encuesta de ámbito poblacional con muestreo probabilístico. Para el diagnóstico del tracoma, se realizó un examen ocular externo con una lupa frontal de 2,5X aumentos. Se estimó la prevalencia de la inflamación tracomatosa folicular (TF) en la población infantil de 1 a 9 años y la prevalencia de la triquiasis tracomatosa (TT) en la población de 15 años o más. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias relativas de las características sociodemográficas y ambientales. Resultados. En el estudio participaron 7 971 personas, 3 429 de poblaciones no indígenas y 4 542 de poblaciones indígenas. La prevalencia de la TF en las poblaciones no indígenas e indígenas fue de 0,1% y 2,9%, respectivamente, en tanto que la de la TT en las poblaciones indígenas fue de 0,1%. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la TF y la TT en las dos unidades de evaluación del estado de Maranhão estuvo dentro de los límites recomendados para la eliminación del tracoma como problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de la TF fue mayor en la unidad de evaluación indígena, lo que indica una mayor vulnerabilidad de esta población a la enfermedad. La prevalencia de la TF inferior al 5,0% implica una reducción de la transmisión, que puede haber sido consecuencia tanto de la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicas como de la aplicación de la estrategia SAFE de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência do tracoma em populações indígenas e não indígenas em áreas selecionadas do estado do Maranhão, na região Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos. Inquérito de base populacional com amostragem probabilística. Para o diagnóstico de tracoma, foi realizado exame ocular externo com o auxílio de lupas binoculares com ampliação de 2,5×. Foram estimadas a prevalência de inflamação tracomatosa folicular (TF) em crianças de 1 a 9 anos de idade e a prevalência de triquíase tracomatosa (TT) na população com idade ≥15 anos. Foram obtidas as frequências relativas das características sociodemográficas e ambientais. Resultados. O estudo incluiu 7 971 indivíduos (3 429 de populações não indígenas e 4 542 de populações indígenas). A prevalência de TF nas populações não indígenas e indígenas foi de 0,1% e 2,9%, respectivamente, e a prevalência de TT entre as populações indígenas foi de 0,1%. Conclusões. A prevalência de TF e TT nas duas unidades de avaliação no estado do Maranhão ficou dentro dos limites recomendados para a eliminação do tracoma como problema de saúde pública. No entanto, a prevalência de TF foi maior na unidade de avaliação indígena, indicando uma maior vulnerabilidade dessa população à doença. A prevalência de TF abaixo de 5,0% implica uma redução na transmissão, que pode ter sido resultado de melhores condições socioeconômicas e da implementação da estratégia SAFE da Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Gender differences in the surgical management of trachomatous trichiasis: an exploratory analysis of global trachoma survey data, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is a painful, potentially blinding eye condition that can be managed through epilation or surgery. Women are affected by TT approximately twice as often as men and are believed to face gendered barriers to receiving surgical care to prevent vision loss. METHODS: We used data from 817 cross-sectional surveys conducted during 2015-2019 in 20 African countries to estimate the prevalence difference (PD) between female and male eyes for four outcomes potentially indicating gender-related differences in TT management: (1) received surgery and developed postoperative TT (PTT), (2) never offered surgery, (3) offered surgery but declined it, and (4) offered epilation but never offered surgery. RESULTS: The prevalence was modestly elevated among female eyes compared with male eyes for having PTT (PD:1.8 [95% confidence limits (CL): 0.6, 3.0]) and having declined surgery for the eye (PD: 6.2 [95% CL: 1.8, 10.7]). The proportion offered epilation was similar by gender (PD:0.5 [95% CL: -0.4, 1.3]), while never having been offered surgery was somewhat more prevalent among male eyes (PD: -2.1 [95% CL: -3.5, -0.7]). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest potential gender differences in TT management. More research is needed to determine the causes and implications of the observed differences.

Moderation of Physical Activity between Cardiometabolic Risk and Adiponectin in Adolescents.

The aims of the study were to examine the moderating role of physical activity in the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and adiponectin concentration in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 96 adolescents of both sexes, between 11 and 17 years old. Body mass, height, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triglycerides, insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and level of physical activity (energy expenditure questionnaire) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), homeostasis model to assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated. Macro-PROCESS for SPSS was used for moderation analyses. Direct interactions were found for BMI, TMI, FM, insulin, and HOMA-IR and inverse for LDL-c, and QUICKI. Protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the PA-coeff was completed above 1.57 coeff (BMI), 1.62 coeff (TMI), 1.55 coeff (FM), 1.41 coeff (LDL-c)1.60 coeff (insulin), 1.59 coeff (HOMA-IR) and 1.35 coeff (QUICKI). We conclude that physical activity was a moderator in the relationship with adiposity, insulin resistance and sensitivity, LDL-c, and adiponectin. In this context, we evidenced a relevant clinical impact on the health of adolescents, demonstrating the interaction between anthropometrics variables and physical activity.

Using model-based geostatistics for assessing the elimination of trachoma.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma is the commonest infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Efforts are being made to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem globally. However, as prevalence decreases, it becomes more challenging to precisely predict prevalence. We demonstrate how model-based geostatistics (MBG) can be used as a reliable, efficient, and widely applicable tool to assess the elimination status of trachoma. METHODS: We analysed trachoma surveillance data from Brazil, Malawi, and Niger. We developed geostatistical Binomial models to predict trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence. We proposed a general framework to incorporate age and gender in the geostatistical models, whilst accounting for residual spatial and non-spatial variation in prevalence through the use of random effects. We also used predictive probabilities generated by the geostatistical models to quantify the likelihood of having achieved the elimination target in each evaluation unit (EU). RESULTS: TF and TT prevalence varied considerably by country, with Brazil showing the lowest prevalence and Niger the highest. Brazil and Malawi are highly likely to have met the elimination criteria for TF in each EU, but, for some EUs, there was high uncertainty in relation to the elimination of TT according to the model alone. In Niger, the predicted prevalence varied significantly across EUs, with the probability of having achieved the elimination target ranging from values close to 0% to 100%, for both TF and TT. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the wide applicability of MBG for trachoma programmes, using data from different epidemiological settings. Unlike the standard trachoma prevalence survey approach, MBG provides a more statistically rigorous way of quantifying uncertainty around the achievement of elimination prevalence targets, through the use of spatial correlation. In addition to the analysis of existing survey data, MBG also provides an approach to identify areas in which more sampling effort is needed to improve EU classification. We advocate MBG as the new standard method for analysing trachoma survey outputs.

O plano de parto como mecanismo de proteção do direito à autodeterminação da mulher em contexto obstétrico em Portugal / El pla de part com a mecanisme de protecció el dret a l'autodeterminació de la dona en context obstètric a Portugal / El plan de parto como mecanismo de proteccion el derecho a la autodeterminación de la mujer en contexto obstétrico en Portugal / The birth plan as a safeguard mechanism the right to self-determination of women in obstetric context in Portugal

A violência obstétrica constitui uma das formas de violência contra a mulhere seusdireitosà saúde, segurança, integridade físicaepsíquica, e, nos casos mais extremos, o direito à própria vida. Abordaremosa violência ocorrida no parto, através de insultos, falta de informação, desrespeito pela autonomia e autodeterminação da mulher e da violação do consentimento informado. A prática de procedimentos médicos como a episiotomia, excesso de medicação, privação de movimentos, manobras de Kristeller,entre outras, são potenciadoras de risco para a saúde e vida do próprio feto/criança. Afirmamos que a violência obstétrica é, em muitos casos, não apenas uma violência contra a mulher, mas também contra a criança. Os casos em que a criança venha a nascer com malformações ou doenças resultantes dos maus-tratos que a mãe sofreu no parto, geram responsabilidade médica. Recorremosa obras e a estudos na área do Direito, Bioética e Saúde Reprodutiva assim como, procedemos à análise exaustiva de diplomas legais internacionais e nacionais. Concluímos que a violência exercida contra a mulher no contexto obstétrico atenta frontalmente contra as leges artis medicinaee constitui uma forma de discriminação de género severa que merece censura legal por parte dosEstados e por parte da própria classe médica. Afirmamosque a episiotomia é atualmente qualificada como uma espécie de mutilação genital feminina, criminalmente punível. Defendemos que o direito a acompanhamento no parto e ao cumprimento do plano de parto elaborado pela mulher ou casal são dois mecanismos essenciais a atenuar ou a eliminar a violência obstétrica.(AU)

La violencia obstétrica es una formade violencia contra las mujeres, vulnerando derechoscomo la salud, seguridad, integridad físicaypsicológica, y, en los casos más extremos, el derecho a la vida.Abordaremos la violencia que se produce en el partoa través de insultos, falta de información, falta de respeto a la autonomía y autodeterminación de la mujer y violación del consentimiento informado. La práctica de procedimientos médicos como la episiotomía, medicación excesiva, privación de movimiento, maniobras de Kristeller, entre otros, son factores potenciales de riesgo para la salud y la vida del feto/niño. Afirmamos que la violencia obstétrica es, en muchos casos, no sólo violencia contra la mujer, sino también contra el niño. Los casos en que el niño nace con malformaciones o enfermedades resultantes del maltrato que la madre sufrió en el parto, generan responsabilidad médica. Recurrimos a trabajos en el área del Derecho, la Bioética y la Salud Reproductivay textos jurídicos internacionales y nacionales. Concluimos que este tipo deviolencia contra la mujer atenta directamente contra las leges artis medicinaey constituye una forma de grave discriminación de género que merece la censura jurídica de los Estados y de la propia profesión médica. Afirmamos que la episiotomía está calificada actualmente como un tipo de mutilación genital femenina, sancionable penalmente. Sostenemos que el derecho a estar acompañada durante el parto y a cumplir con el plan de parto elaborado por la mujer o la pareja son dos mecanismos esenciales para mitigar o eliminar la violencia obstétrica.(AU)

Obstetric violence is a form of violence against women, infringingrights such as health, safety, physical and psychological integrity, and, in the most extreme cases, the right to life. We will address violence during childbirth through insults, lack of information, lack of respect for women's autonomy and self-determination, and violation of informed consent. The practice of medical procedures such as episiotomy, excessive medication, deprivation of movement, Kristeller maneuvers, among others, are potential risk factors forthe health and life of the fetus/child. We affirm that obstetric violence is, in many cases, not only violence against the woman, but also against the child. Cases in which the child is born with malformations or diseases resulting from the mistreatment suffered by the mother during childbirth, generate medical responsibility. We refer to works in the area of Law, Bioethics and Reproductive Health and international and national legal texts. We conclude that this type of violence against women is a direct violation of leges artis medicinaeand constitutes a form of serious gender discrimination that deserves legal censure by States and the medical profession itself. We affirm that episiotomy is currently classified as a type of female genital mutilation, punishable under criminal law. We maintain that the rightto be accompanied during childbirth and to comply with the birth plan drawn up by the woman or partner are two essential mechanisms for mitigating or eliminating obstetric violence.(AU)

Population Prevalence of Trachoma in Nine Rural Non-Indigenous Evaluation Units of Brazil.

PURPOSE: To assess the contemporary prevalence of trachoma in Brazil's non-indigenous population, surveys of those thought to be at greatest risk of disease were conducted. METHODS: Rural census tracts of non-indigenous population from nine mesoregions were selected to compose the survey evaluation units (EUs) by considering previously endemic municipalities at greatest risk of trachoma. In each of the nine EUs, we conducted a population-based prevalence survey. Every resident of selected households aged ≥1 year was examined for trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Additionally, data were collected on household-level access to water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and education. RESULTS: A total of 27,962 individuals were examined across nine EUs. The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was <5% in each EU. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds was <0.2% in eight EUs; in one EU, it was 0.22%. The median number of households surveyed per EU with access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute roundtrip of the house was 66%. School attendance was >99% of surveyed children. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TF was well below the target for elimination as a public health problem in all EUs. Because EUs surveyed were selected to represent the highest-risk non-indigenous areas of the country, TF prevalence is unlikely to be ≥5% in non-indigenous populations elsewhere. In one EU, the prevalence of TT was above the target threshold for elimination. Further investigation and possibly improvement in TT surgical provision are required in that EU.

ADRB2 gene influences responsiveness to physical exercise programs: A longitudinal study applied to overweight or obese Brazilian children and adolescents.

We aimed to investigate whether the expression levels and polymorphisms in the ADRB2 gene have influenced the anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes changes in obese/overweight children submitted to physical exercise programs. This longitudinal study included 197 overweight or obese children aged 10-16 years, submitted to physical exercise programs - three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic profile was collected before and after interventions. The ADRB2 gene expression levels were also measured in these two moments in a small intervention group (n = 17) and a control group (n = 18). Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms were genotyped. A positive correlation between ADRB2 expression and loss of body fat (%) (p = 0.038) was observed, which remained after sex and BMI change corrections. Carriers of the Glu27Glu genotype presented a better response to physical exercise programs regarding their triglycerides levels and triglyceride-glucose index (p = 0.001 for both). The participants' responsiveness to physical exercise programs showed variation due to the ADRB2 gene expression and the Gln27Glu polymorphism. A more significant loss of body fat was associated with higher levels of ADRB2 expression, and the Glu27Glu genotype was associated with a better cardiometabolic response. The Arg16Gly polymorphism did not show interaction with the responsiveness to physical exercise.

Prevalence of trachoma in Pernambuco State, Brazil (2014-2015).

To estimate the prevalence of cases of trachoma in the population at social risk aged 1-9 years in Pernambuco State and its mesoregions. This was a cross-sectional study in which secondary data from the National Household Survey on Trachoma (2014-2015) were analyzed. The study covered 96 census tracts distributed across the mesoregions of Pernambuco State (Metropolitan Region of Recife, Zona da Mata, Agreste, Sertao do Sao Francisco and Sertao Pernambucano). The study included all homes with children aged 1-9 years, and all of them were examined for trachoma, using the WHO criteria. Among the total of 7,423 children aged 1-9 years who participated in this survey, 446 presented with active trachoma. Thus, the prevalence of trachoma in Pernambuco State, in children between 1-9 years old was 6.65%, and it was higher among children aged 5-9 years (7.12%) and among girls (7.23%). This result was seen in the majority of the mesoregions studied, except in the Zona da Mata and Sertao do Sao Francisco, where there were higher prevalences in the age group of 1-4 years (5.55%) and among boys (5.90%). A tendency towards a higher prevalence between 1 and 6 years of age was observed. The follicular trachoma continues to be an important public health problem in Pernambuco State. It particularly affects poor people, including those living in urban areas of the State.

Lymphatic Filariasis: A Systematic Review on Morbidity and Its Repercussions in Countries in the Americas.

The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a program that aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2030. The GPELF strategy is based on interrupting transmission using mass drug administration (MDA) and, in parallel, managing morbidity cases. However, it has been seen that there is a shortage of research in the literature and public policies regarding this last pillar. In this study, we reviewed the literature and available information regarding the burden of filarial morbidity. In addition, we identified that in the Americas, the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas was scarce. We formed a review that aimed to assess the pathogenesis, epidemiology, repercussions, and treatment of filarial morbidity in countries in the Americas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic. Structured searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time and language restrictions. Three reviewers evaluated the 2150 studies and performed data extraction, and quality assessment by assigning scores to the studies found. The current literature and available information on the burden of filarial morbidity, as well as the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas, were all found to be scarce. Now that this knowledge gap has been identified, both health services and researchers need to seek the implementation and enhancement of the maintenance of GPELF strategies that relate to the morbidity pillar.

A high-intensity interval training program in aquatic environment (hiitaq) for obese adolescents / Programa de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade no ambiente aquático (hiitaq) em adolescentes obesos

ABSTRACT The increased prevalence of obesity has endangered the health of Brazilian adolescents. Regular physical activity and lifestyle changes are recommended as prevention and treatment. However, there is no consensus on the dose-response of training programs. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a high-intensity interval training program in aquatic environment (HIITAQ) on physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese teenagers. The sample consisted of 18 adolescents of both sexes, aged 12 to 17 years, diagnosed with obesity. Anthropometric variables, physical fitness, blood glucose, and lipid profile were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of training. The program consisted of two sets of 4-8 repetitions for 30 seconds (85%-95% of maximal heart rate) and 60 seconds of active rest interval. After applying the program, a reduction in body mass index was seen, that is, BMI z-score (p <0.01), as well as a reduction of Total Cholesterol, TC (p <0.01), and LDL (p <0.01). There was an increase in basal metabolic rate (p <0.01) and peak VO2 (p <0.01). No differences were seen after the training with regard to fat percentage, body mass index (BMI) waist/height ratio (WHtR), fasting blood glucose, insulin, and HDL-c (p>0.05). The high-intensity training program in aquatic environment was effective in reducing cardiometabolic risk factors.

RESUMO A saúde de adolescentes brasileiros tem sido comprometida pelo aumento da prevalência da obesidade. A prática de exercício físico regular e modificações no estilo de vida são ações recomendadas como prevenção e tratamento. No entanto, não há consenso quanto à dose resposta dos programas de exercícios. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a efetividade de um programa de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade no ambiente aquático (HIITAQ) na aptidão física e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em adolescentes obesos. A amostra foi composta por 18 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 12 e 17 anos, com diagnóstico de obesidade. Foram avaliadas, variáveis antropométricas, aptidão física, glicemia e perfil lipídico, antes e após 12 semanas de treinamento. O programa foi composto por duas séries de 4 a 8 repetições com 30 segundos de duração (80-95% da frequência cardíaca máxima) por 60 segundos de recuperação ativa. Após o programa de exercícios verificou-se redução do índice de massa corporal escore z IMCz (p< 0,01), do Colesterol Total (p< 0,01) e LDL-c (p< 0,01). Houve aumento da taxa metabólica basal (p< 0,01) e do VO2 pico (p< 0,01). Não foram observadas diferenças após o treinamento no percentual de gordura, índice de massa corporal, IMC, relação cintura/estatura RCEst, glicemia em jejum, insulina e HDL-c (p>0,05). O programa de treinamento de alta intensidade no meio aquático foi efetivo na redução de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos.

Validation of equations to estimate the peak oxygen uptake in adolescents from 20 metres shuttle run test.

This study aimed to develop new prediction models from directly determined peak of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in adolescents using 20-metre shuttle run test (20 m-SR) and to compare the new models with previously published equations. This study included 148 adolescents (43% girls), aged 13.37 ± 1.84 years old. Adolescents were randomly assigned to validation (n = 91) and cross-validation (n = 57) groups. VO2peak was measured using a gas analyser in both maximal exercise tests in the laboratory as well as by 20 m-SR. The multiple linear regression method was applied to develop the models using BMI, BMI-z score and body fat percentage (%FM). The proposed models presented better predictive performance (R2 = 75.6% to 78.9%) and a lower absolute percentage error (%error = 10.51 to 11.78%) than the previously published equations (R2 = 38.8% to 69.1%; %error = 13.13% to 21.54%). The Model with BMI-z was the best fit equation in girls, and the model with BMI-z and %FM in boys. Therefore, it is recommended that the equations developed in the present study be used in future research and projects in the school environment to estimate VO2peak in adolescents by the 20 m-SR test.

Household Survey of Trachoma among Children Living in Pernambuco, Brazil.

This study analyzed the association between individual and household factors and the incidence of trachoma among a population aged between 1 and 9 years in the state of Pernambuco. This was a population-based household study conducted using a population-based sample of residents from 96 census sectors of the 1778 sectors considered to be at social risk in the state. The estimated odds ratio of the univariate analysis presented a confidence interval of 95%. Weights and clusters were adjusted through the Generalized Linear and Latent Mixed Model (GLLAM) method. Trachoma cases were the dependent variable in the multivariate analysis. The independent variables were selected through the stepwise forward method, with an input criterion of 20% (p < 0.20) and an output criterion of 10% (p < 0.10). The prevalence was 6.65%. Trachoma was associated with a female sex, age of 5-9 years, either the absence of use or infrequent use of soap to wash the hands and face, the presence of nasal secretion, a lack of piped water from a public supply system, a greater number of rooms used for sleeping, a greater number of people living in the same household, and a family income of up to one minimum monthly wage. The prevalence of follicular trachoma in Pernambuco was higher than what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

FTO rs9939609 A allele influences anthropometric outcome in response to dietary intervention, but not in response to physical exercise program.

PURPOSE: The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is involved in energy homeostasis. The A allele of the rs9939609 (SNP; T>A) is associated with obesity and higher food intake, while its effect in energy expenditure remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine whether FTO rs9939609 is associated with the anthropometric outcomes of a physical exercise program and a dietary intervention. METHODS: We studied two independent samples. The first was composed by children and adolescents in which overweight and obese individuals were submitted to a physical exercise program (n = 136) and normal weight participants served as a control group (n = 172). The second sample was composed by obese women submitted to a hypocaloric dietary intervention (n = 126). RESULTS: Physical exercise and dietary intervention were effective, independently of genotype. We found no association of FTO rs9939609 with obesity in children and adolescents (p = 0.67). The rs9939609 affected the response to dietary intervention in obese women: A allele carriers reduced 2.7 cm less of abdominal circumference (AC) than homozygous TT (p = 0.04), while no effect was observed in response to physical exercise in overweight and obese children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The A allele is associated with a worse outcome in response to the hypocaloric dietary intervention regarding abdominal circumference reduction; the same allele did not show interaction with any anthropometric outcomes in response to the exercise program applied.

Corrigendum: Two Consecutive Days of Extreme Conditioning Program Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00260.].

FTO rs9939609 Does Not Interact with Physical Exercise but Influences Basal Insulin Metabolism in Brazilian Overweight and Obese Adolescents.

Purpose: The rs9939609 SNP (T > A) in FTO gene is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed at verifying whether this SNP influenced biochemical outcomes of children and adolescents who are overweight/obese submitted to a program of physical exercise and also if there was influence on basal levels of these biochemical variables. Methods: The sample was composed by 432 children and adolescents grouped in three ways (obese, overweight, and normal weight); of these, 135 children and adoloescents who are obese and overweight were submitted to a physical exercise program for 12 weeks. All were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Results: The children and adolescents who are overweight/obese and carriers of AA genotype had higher levels of insulin (p=0.03) and HOMA (p=0.007) and lower levels of glucose (p=0.003), but the SNP did not modulate the response to physical exercise. Conclusions: In our study, the rs9939609 AA genotype was associated with parameters related to insulin metabolism but did not interact with physical exercise.

Prevalence of Trachoma in Schoolchildren in Brazil.

PURPOSE: Trachoma was hyperendemic in Brazil until the 20th century. The prevalence has declined sharply in the past decades. The aim of this study was to estimate trachoma prevalence in schoolchildren in Brazilian municipalities with a Human Development Index (HDI) below the national mean. METHODS: A cluster random sampling survey on trachoma prevalence was carried out. Brazilian municipalities with HDI below the national mean, within each of the 27 states, were stratified into three strata according to population size. In each stratum, schools were systematically selected to comprise a sample of 2400 schoolchildren, totaling 7200 per state. In each selected school, children enrolled from 1st to 4th grade were examined for trachoma. The simplified trachoma grading system was used. At a meeting held in each school, the study was explained to parents, and verbal consent sought. RESULTS: A total of 185,862 children were enrolled in the selected schools. Of these, 171,973 (92.5%) participated in the study. The overall prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular was 5.0% (95% confidence interval 4.7-5.3%), varying from 1.5% to 9.0% among the states. Prevalence was significantly associated with the sampling stratum (being higher in small municipalities), the zone in which the school was located (higher in rural schools), and with age (higher among younger children). CONCLUSION: Trachoma is still a public health problem in Brazil, although at a low level of endemicity. As the country advances towards the elimination of blinding trachoma, this survey provides a baseline for evaluation of ongoing and future elimination interventions.

Two Consecutive Days of Crossfit Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two consecutive Crossfit® training sessions (24 h apart) designed to enhance work-capacity that involved both cardiovascular and muscular exercises on cytokines, muscle power, blood lactate and glucose. Nine male members of the CrossFit® community (age 26.7 ± 6.6 years; body mass 78.8 ± 13.2 kg; body fat 13.5 ± 6.2%; training experience 2.5 ± 1.2 years) completed two experimental protocols (24 h apart): (1) strength and power exercises, (2) gymnastic movements, and (3) metabolic conditioning as follows: 10 min of as many rounds as possible (AMRAP) of 30 double-unders and 15 power snatches (34 kg). The same sequence as repeated on session 2 with the following metabolic conditioning: 12 min AMRAP of: row 250 m and 25 target burpees. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and osteoprotegerin were measured before, immediately post and 24 h after workout of the day (WOD) 1, immediately post, 24 and 48 h after WOD 2. Peak and mean power were obtained for each repetition (back squat with 50% of 1 repetition maximum) using a linear position transducer measured before, immediately post and 24 h after WOD 1, immediately post and 24 h after WOD 2. Blood lactate and glucose were measured pre and immediately post WOD 1 and 2. Although both sessions of exercise elicited an significant increase in blood lactate (1.20 ± 0.41 to 11.84 ± 1.34 vs. 0.94 ± 0.34 to 9.05 ± 2.56 mmol/l) and glucose concentration (81.59 ± 10.27 to 114.99 ± 12.52 vs. 69.47 ± 6.97 to 89.95 ± 19.26 mg/dL), WOD 1 induced a significantly greater increase than WOD 2 (p ≤ 0.05). The training sessions elicited significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) in IL-6, IL-10 and osteoprotegerin concentration over time. IL-6 displayed an increase immediately after training WOD 1 [197 ± 109%] (p = 0.009) and 2 [99 ± 58%] (p = 0.045). IL-10 displayed an increase immediately after only WOD 1 [44 ± 52%] (p = 0.046), and decreased 24 and 48 h following WOD 2 (~40%; p = 0.018) as compared to pre-exercise values. Osteoprotegerin displayed a decrease 48 h following WOD 2 (~25%; p = 0.018) as compared with pre intervention. In conclusion, two consecutive Crossfit® training sessions increase pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines with no interference on muscle performance in the recovery period.

Trachoma in Indigenous Settlements in Brazil, 2000-2008.

PURPOSE: Trachoma, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease that affects the cornea and conjunctiva. Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. Its prevalence is higher among individuals of low socioeconomic status, and trachoma is common in indigenous communities. The present study presents aspects of the epidemiological profile of trachoma in indigenous communities in Brazil. METHODS: We analyzed data from two databases collected during trachoma screening activities among the population of indigenous settlements in Brazil between 2000 and 2008. Trachoma cases were detected by ocular examination in accordance with the World Health Organization simplified trachoma grading system. RESULTS: According to the surveillance database, a total of 9582 individuals in six different states were examined. Among children aged 1-9 years, the prevalence of follicular trachomatous inflammation (TF) was 35.2%. In individuals aged ≥15 years, the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) was 1.2% in individuals and the sex-specific prevalence was 0.8% in males and 1.6% in females (p = 0.02). In a survey of two states, 2301 indigenous schoolchildren were examined. In the age bracket 5-9 years, the prevalence of TF was 4.9 (95% confidence interval 3.8-6.0%). CONCLUSION: In Brazil, trachoma appears to be a serious public health problem in indigenous settlements, which should therefore be given priority in programs aimed at the elimination of trachoma in the country.