ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to obtain the best dose of waste cooking oil inclusion for the co-digestion of substrates prepared with dairy cattle and swine manure in order to maximize solids reductions and biogas yield. Analyses of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were performed during the loading and unloading of digesters, while biogas yield was measured twice a week. The maximum reduction in VS (51.4%) was reached with the inclusion of up to 54.6g waste cooking oil.kg manure-1. Maximum NDF degradation occurred with inclusions of up to 69.4g waste cooking oil.kg manure-1. Inclusions of up to 64g of waste cooking oil.kg manure-1 provided specific biogas yield of 291.4 and 251.0L biogas.kg VS-1 added to substrates with swine and cattle manure, respectively. Adding oil at doses between 45.1 and 69.4g waste cooking oil kg manure-1 to substrates composed of cattle or swine manure maximizes reductions of solids and fibrous constituents and enhances specific biogas yield. Furthermore, swine manure supports higher doses of waste cooking oil.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se encontrar a melhor dose de inclusão de óleo residual durante a co-digestão de substratos preparados com dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e suínos, com o intuito de maximizar as reduções de sólidos e as produções de biogás. Foram realizadas no abastecimento e desabastecimento dos biodigestores as análises de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), enquanto as mensurações de biogás duas vezes por semana. A máxima redução de SV (51,4%) foi possibilitada pela inclusão de até 54,6g de óleo de descarte kg dejetos-1, já as máximas degradações de FDN ocorreram com adições de até 69,4g de óleo de descarte kg dejetos-1. As inclusões de até 64g de óleo de descarte kg dejetos-1 possibilitaram produções específicas de biogás de 291,4 e 251,0 L de biogás.kg SV-1 adicionado, para substratos contendo dejetos de suínos e bovinos respectivamente. A adição de óleo em doses entre 45,1 e 69,4g.kg-1 a substratos contendo dejetos de bovinos ou suínos maximiza as reduções dos constituintes sólidos e fibrosos bem como potencializa as produções específicas de biogás, sendo que o dejeto de suíno ainda suporta maiores doses de inclusão de óleo residual.
ABSTRACT
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as the median lethal dose (LD50) of water-ethanolic extract (PHE) of the aerial parts of Pothomorphe umbellata were evaluated in animal models. The ED(50) (oral) for the inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay was determined to be 550 mg/kg, while the LD(50) was higher than 2.0 g/kg. At a dose of 550 mg/kg, PHE inhibited the inflammatory process by 48.7% (P < 0.05) on the third hour of the assay (edema peak) when compared to the untreated control. Indomethacin, the positive control used in this test, inhibited the edema by 58.6% at a dose of 10 mg/kg, when compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05). All three fractions--hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate--obtained by partition of PHE with respective solvents also showed inhibition of the edema induced by carrageenan over a period of 4h but the methylene chloride fraction showed the best activity. The activity shown by the methylene chloride fraction at 200 mg/kg was comparable to that exhibited by indomethacin at a dose of 10mg/kg. The number of writhings induced by a 0.6% acetic acid solution intraperitoneal injection was decreased by 22% (P < 0.05) in the group treated orally with Pothomorphe umbellata crude extract. PHE also inhibited the granulomatous tissue formation in rats by 6.2% (P < 0.05). In the same assay, topically applied dexamethasone decreased the granuloma formation by 14.2%. The above results suggest that Pothomorphe umbellata crude extract has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Edema/prevention & control , Pain/prevention & control , Phytotherapy , Piperaceae , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Acetic Acid , Administration, Oral , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Carrageenan , Cotton Fiber , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/chemically induced , Granuloma/prevention & control , Humans , Lethal Dose 50 , Male , Mice , Pain/chemically induced , Pain Measurement/drug effects , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Leaves , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Specific Pathogen-Free OrganismsABSTRACT
Examinou-se a açäo antibacteriana de extratos vegetais a partir de 120 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 28 famílias: Anacardiaceae (1), Araliaceae (1), Boraginaceae (1), Buddlejaceae (1), Burseraceae (1), Compositae (79), Convolvulaceae (1), Crassulaceae (1), Cruciferae (1), Cyperaceae (1), Eriocaulaceae (1), Flacourtiaceae (1), Gramineae (1), Labiatae (3), Lauraceae (3), Leguminosae (4), Liliaceae (1), Magnoliaceae (1), Moraceae (1), Myrtaceae (3), Polygalaceae (1), Rutaceae (3), Saxifragaceae (1), Solanaceae (2), Theaceae (2), Verbenaceae(3), Vochysiaceae (1) e Zingiberaceae (1). Foram confeccionados e avaliados 301 extratos obtidos destes vegetais inteiros ou de parte deles com solventes orgânicos de diferentes polaridades: hexano, hexano-acetato de etila 20//, acetado de etila, etanol e metanol. A avaliaçäo antimicrobiana foi realizada através de adaptaçäo do método de Kirby-Bauer usando discos de papel de filtro contendo soluçöes dos extratos e que foram depositados sobre culturas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, e 81 extratos, preparados a partir de 58 plantas, foram ativos contra S. aureus e 5 extratos, obtidos de 4 plantas, inibiram o desenvolvimento de P. aeruginosa
