Targeted therapy for immune mediated skin diseases. What should a dermatologist know?

BACKGROUND: Molecularly targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKis), have emerged as essential tools in the treatment of dermatological diseases. These therapies modulate the immune system through specific signaling pathways, providing effective alternatives to traditional systemic immunosuppressive agents. This review aims to provide an updated summary of targeted immune therapies for inflammatory skin diseases, considering their pathophysiology, efficacy, dosage, and safety profiles. METHODS: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed over the past 10 years, focusing on randomized clinical trials, case reports, and case series related to targeted immune therapies in dermatology. Eligibility criteria were applied, and data were extracted from each study, including citation data, study design, and results. RESULTS: We identified 1360 non-duplicate articles with the initial search strategy. Title and abstract review excluded 1150, while a full-text review excluded an additional 50 articles. The review included 143 studies published between 2012 and 2022, highlighting 39 drugs currently under investigation or in use for managing inflammatory skin diseases. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The heterogeneity of summarized information limits this review. Some recommendations originated from data from clinical trials, while others relied on retrospective analyses and small case series. Recommendations will likely be updated as new results emerge. CONCLUSION: Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic skin diseases, offering new options for patients unresponsive to standard treatments. Paradoxical reactions are rarely observed. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms and nature of these therapies. Overall, targeted immune therapies in dermatology represent a promising development, significantly improving the quality of life for patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital situado en la altura

Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital situado en la altura. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de diseño observacional, transversal y analítico realizado en el Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión de Huancayo, Perú, ubicado a 3250 m s. n. m. La población estuvo conformada por 2248 personas. El diagnóstico de COVID-19 fue realizado con la prueba serológica y/o la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR). Los datos se registraron en un cuestionario. Para el análisis estadístico se emplearon las pruebas de X2 y t de Student, y la regresión logística bivariada y multivariada. El valor de p < 0,05 fue considerado significativo. Resultados: La población con diagnóstico de COVID-19 fue de 760 pacientes (100,00 %). De ellos, los hombres fueron los más afectados con el 62,36 % (474 personas). El promedio de edad fue de 49 años (rango: 15 a 95) y el mayor número de casos se encontró en el grupo etario de 40 a 59 años (38,82 %), sobre todo entre las amas de casa (21, 44 %) y los comerciantes (19,21 %). Los síntomas más comunes de la COVID-19 fueron tos (70,26 %), malestar general (57,63 %), dificultad respiratoria (48,81 %), fiebre (48,15 %) y dolor de garganta (44,21 %). Entre las comorbilidades más frecuentes encontramos obesidad (4,47 %), diabetes mellitus (2,76 %) e hipertensión arterial (1,31 %). El 51,71 % de los pacientes requirió hospitalización y la frecuencia de letalidad fue de 14,21 %. Los factores asociados a un riesgo de mortalidad fueron la edad de 60 años a más (OR = 4,74; IC 95%: 2,94-7,65; p = 0,000), la dificultad respiratoria (OR = 2,38; IC 95%: 1,42-3,99; p = 0,001) y el uso de ventilación mecánica (OR= 8,75; IC95%: 4,45-17,22; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 afecta con mayor frecuencia a la población adulta. La tos y el malestar general fueron los síntomas más comunes, mientras que la edad avanzada, la disnea y el uso de ventilación mecánica se asociaron a mayor riesgo de letalidad.

Objective: To determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with COVID-19 at a high-altitude hospital. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional and analytical study carried out at the Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión in Huancayo, Peru, located at 3,250 m a.s.l. The population consisted of 2,248 people. COVID-19 was diagnosed through serology testing and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Data were recorded in a questionnaire. For the statistical analysis, the X2 test, Student's t-test, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study population with a diagnosis of COVID-19 accounted for 760 patients (100 %), most of whom were males (474 individuals; 62.36 %). The average age was 49 years (range: 15 to 95). Most cases were found in the age group of 40 to 59 years (38.82 %), particularly among housewives (21.44 %) and traders (19.21 %). The most common COVID-19 symptoms were cough (70.26 %), malaise (57.63 %), respiratory distress (48.81 %), fever (48.15 %) and sore throat (44.21 %). The most frequent comorbidities were obesity (4.47 %), diabetes mellitus (2.76 %) and arterial hypertension (1.31 %). Fifty-one point seven one percent (51.71 %) of the patients required hospitalization and the mortality rate was 14.21 %. The risk factors for mortality were age 60 years or older (OR = 4.74; 95 % CI: 2.94 - 7.65; p = 0.000), respiratory distress (OR = 2.38; 95 % CI: 1.42 - 3.99; p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (OR = 8.75; 95 % CI: 4.45 - 17.22; p = 0.000). Conclusions: COVID-19 most frequently affects the adult population. Cough and malaise were the most common symptoms, while older age, dyspnea and use of mechanical ventilation were associated with a higher risk of mortality.

Necesidades en familiares de pacientes críticos de una institución de IV nivel en Montería, Colombia / Needs in relatives of critical patients of a IV level institution in Monteria, Colombia

OBJETIVO: Determinar las necesidades en familiares de pacientes críticos de una institución de IV nivel en Montería, Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: Investigación descriptiva, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Para la recolección de la información se aplicó el Cuestionario de Necesidades de los Familiares de Pacientes de Cuidados Intensivos y una cédula de datos sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: Las necesidades que se determinaron fueron la información sincera respecto al estado y progreso del paciente y recibir explicación del equipamiento que está utilizándose. La dimensión que presentó mayores necesidades fue la de comunicación. CONCLUSIONES: El familiar de una persona ingresada en un servicio de cuidado intensivo debe ser tomado en cuenta en el proceso de atención

OBJECTIVE: To determine the needs in relatives of critically ill patients of an IV level institution in Montería, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, cross-sectional research with a quantitative approach. For the collection of information, the Questionnaire of Needs of the Relatives of Intensive Care Patients and a sociodemographic data card were applied. RESULTS: The needs that were determined were honest information regarding the state and progress of the patient and receive an explanation of the equipment being used. The dimension that presented the greatest needs was that of communication. CONCLUSIONS: The family of a person admitted to an intensive care service should be taken into account in the care process

Factores asociados a las úlceras en miembros inferiores del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica en un centro de diálisis / Factors Associated with Ulcers in the Lower Limbs of a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Dialysis Center / Fatores associados a úlceras nos membros inferiores de um paciente com doença renal crônica em um centro de diálise

Introducción: las personas adultas con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tienen mayor riesgo de presentar úlceras, especialmente en las extremidades inferiores. Sin embargo, existen datos limitados sobre la prevalencia y los factores asociados. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de úlceras en miembros inferiores y sus factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que asisten a una institución de IV nivel de complejidad. Método: estudio de tipo observacional, transversal y analítico, la muestra fue de 561 participantes. Los instrumentos fueron una ficha de datos sociodemográcos y de antecedentes, y el índice tobillo brazo (ITB). Resultados: los participantes fueron en su mayoría hombres (67%), con promedio de edad de 62 años; se encontró significancia estadística (p < 0,05) entre las variables antecedente de diabetes, ITB bajo, haber tenido úlcera previa y presencia de úlcera en miembros inferiores. Conclusiones: estudiar este tipo de fenómenos en unidades de cuidado renal se convierte en una necesidad debido a la alta prevalencia y a los factores de riesgo asociados. Esto permite la planicación de estrategias encaminadas a la prevención.

Introduction: adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of developing ulcers, especially lower extremities. However, there are limited data on prevalence and associated factors. Objective: to determine the prevalence of ulcers in the lower limbs and their associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease who attend a IV level of complexity institution. Method: observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study, the sample was 561 participants. The instruments were a sociodemographic and background datasheet and the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI). Results: the participants were primarily men (67%), with an average age of 62 years; Statistical significance (p <0.05) was found between the variables history of diabetes, low ABI, having had a previous ulcer, and the presence of an ulcer in the lower limbs. Conclusions: studying this phenomenon in renal care units becomes necessary due to the high prevalence and associated risk factors; it allows the planning of strategies aimed at prevention.

Introdução: adultos com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam maior risco de desenvolver úlceras, principalmente nas extremidades inferiores. No entanto, existem dados limitados sobre prevalência e fatores associados. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de úlceras de membros inferiores e seus fatores associados em pacientes com doença renal crônica atendidos em instituição de nível de complexidade IV. Método: estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, a amostra foi de 561 participantes. Os instrumentos foram ficha sociodemográfica e de antecedentes e o índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB). Resultados: os participantes eram em sua maioria homens (67%), com média de idade de 62 anos; Foi encontrada significância estatística (p < 0,05) entre as variáveis antecedente, baixo ITB, ter tido úlcera prévia e presença de úlcera em membros inferiores. Conclusões: o estudo desse tipo de fenômeno em unidades de cuidados renais torna-se uma necessidade devido à alta prevalência e aos fatores de risco associados. Isso permite o planejamento de estratégias encaminhadas à prevenção.