ABSTRACT
Children reared in institutional settings experience early deprivation that has lasting implications for multiple aspects of neurocognitive functioning, including executive function (EF). Changes in brain development are thought to contribute to these persistent EF challenges, but little research has used fMRI to investigate EF-related brain activity in children with a history of early deprivation. This study examined behavioral and neural data from a response conflict task in 12-14-year-olds who spent varying lengths of time in institutional care prior to adoption (N = 84; age at adoption - mean: 15.85 months, median: 12 months, range: 4-60 months). In initial analyses, earlier- and later-adopted (EA, LA) youth were compared to a group of children raised in their biological families (non-adopted, NA). NA youth performed significantly more accurately than LA youth, with EA youth falling in between. Imaging data suggested that previously institutionalized (PI) youth activated additional frontoparietal regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as compared to NA youth. In addition, EA youth uniquely activated medial prefrontal regions, and LA uniquely activated parietal regions during this task. A separate analysis in a larger group of PI youth examined whether behavioral or brain measures of EF varied with the duration of deprivation experienced. Duration of deprivation was negatively associated with activation of default mode network (DMN) regions. Overall, results suggest that there are lasting effects of deprivation on EF, but that those who are removed from institutional care earlier may be able to recruit additional neural resources as a compensatory mechanism.
Subject(s)
Executive Function , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Humans , Executive Function/physiology , Female , Male , Child , Adolescent , Child, Institutionalized/psychology , Adoption/psychology , Brain/physiology , Psychosocial Deprivation , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Deficits in inhibitory control are common with advancing age and may underlie declines in other complex cognitive functions. The inhibitory P300 event-related potential (ERP) generally decreases in amplitude with age, reflecting deficits in inhibitory performance evaluation and adaptation, with possible generators including precentral and inferior frontal gyri and midcingulate and parietal cortex. Exposure to early-life stress (ELS) is also associated with deficits in inhibitory control, smaller P300 amplitudes, and dysfunction in regions associated with P300 generation. Although biopsychosocial effects of ELS are evident in older adulthood, the influence of ELS on neural processes in later life is unknown. In the current study, 13 young adults and 21 healthy older adults completed a high-accuracy go/no-go task and the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), an indicator of ELS. Regression analyses revealed significant central-parietal models, with smaller P300 amplitudes predicted by both older age and greater exposure to ELS. Age group*ELS interactions moderated P300 prediction at central and centro-parietal electrodes, such that older age predicted smaller P300 amplitudes only in those with lower to moderate ELS. Amplitudes did not significantly differ by age in those with higher ELS. Post-hoc within-age group correlations showed that greater ELS was associated with smaller P300 amplitudes in young adults. However, greater ELS was modestly associated with larger central amplitudes in older adults, potentially suggestive of anterior age-related compensatory recruitment to maintain high task performance. These findings suggest long-lasting neural implications of ELS that interact with normative neuro-cognitive aging processes, such that ELS may be an important risk factor for age-related cognitive decline.
Subject(s)
Adverse Childhood Experiences , Electroencephalography , Aged , Aging/physiology , Event-Related Potentials, P300/physiology , Humans , Parietal Lobe/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
En 1971 se aislaron dos virus Polioma humanos: JC causante de la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva y BK que están asociados a estenosis ureteral en algunos pacientes trasplantados renales. Los enfermos que hacen reactivación de la infección excretan el virus por la orina y descaman células uroteliales con típicas inclusiones diagnósticas. En caso de duda sobre el virus responsable de estas inclusiones, puede recurrirse a la ME o a estudios serológicos. Otro diagnóstico diferencial es con el cáncer urotelial. La reactivación ocurre en inmunodeficientes y también en pacientes con afecciones clínicas sin obvia deficiencia inmunológica. La citología puede utilizarse para pesquisa catastral. Se presenta un caso de infección por virus Polioma humano (*BK) diagnosticado por la citología urinaria y confirmado por ME, con el objeto de hacer conocer esta patología en nuestro medio y su posible confusión con cáncer urotelial en el citodiagnóstico
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Male , BK Virus/isolation & purification , Inclusion Bodies, Viral/ultrastructure , Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis , Urine/cytology , Cytopathogenic Effect, ViralABSTRACT
Se presente un método sencillo para medir el espesor de melanomas cutáneos mediante una regla de plástico transparente puesta sobre la platina, con aumento de 40x
Subject(s)
Melanoma/pathology , Microscopy/instrumentation , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm InvasivenessABSTRACT
Se presenta una muy afección, hidatidosis mamaria asociada a un carcinoma lobulillar in situ. Se recopila la bibliografía nacional al respecto, siendo éste el primer caso descripto
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Carcinoma in Situ/complications , Echinococcosis/complications , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Echinococcosis/pathologyABSTRACT
En 1971 se aislaron dos virus Polioma humanos: JC causante de la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva y BK que están asociados a estenosis ureteral en algunos pacientes trasplantados renales. Los enfermos que hacen reactivación de la infección excretan el virus por la orina y descaman células uroteliales con típicas inclusiones diagnósticas. En caso de duda sobre el virus responsable de estas inclusiones, puede recurrirse a la ME o a estudios serológicos. Otro diagnóstico diferencial es con el cáncer urotelial. La reactivación ocurre en inmunodeficientes y también en pacientes con afecciones clínicas sin obvia deficiencia inmunológica. La citología puede utilizarse para pesquisa catastral. Se presenta un caso de infección por virus Polioma humano (*BK) diagnosticado por la citología urinaria y confirmado por ME, con el objeto de hacer conocer esta patología en nuestro medio y su posible confusión con cáncer urotelial en el citodiagnóstico (AU)
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Male , BK Virus/isolation & purification , Inclusion Bodies, Viral/ultrastructure , Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis , Urine/cytology , Cytopathogenic Effect, ViralABSTRACT
Se presente un método sencillo para medir el espesor de melanomas cutáneos mediante una regla de plástico transparente puesta sobre la platina, con aumento de 40x (AU)
Subject(s)
Melanoma/pathology , Microscopy/instrumentation , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Neoplasm InvasivenessABSTRACT
Se presenta una muy afección, hidatidosis mamaria asociada a un carcinoma lobulillar in situ. Se recopila la bibliografía nacional al respecto, siendo éste el primer caso descripto (AU)
