Changes in benign prostatic hyperplasia management in Valencia: a real-world evidence analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A training program was developed to increase general practitioners' engagement in the optimal management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in BPH management after the implementation of a training program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This observational retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2019 and 2020. Aggregated data were analyzed in three evaluation periods (2010, 2012 and 2015), addressing quality indicators for diagnosis, treatment, and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 118 795 patients who presented any data points were included. All quality indicators (number of IPSS and PSA determinations) increased between the first period and the last. Combination (α-blocker + 5-ARI) therapy was increasingly prescribed during the study periods whereas the proportion of prescriptions for single-agent α-blocker showed no significant differences among the periods analyzed. However, the total number of patients eligible for combination therapy who actually received this treatment was low in all periods (7.5%, 17.9%, and 20.1%, in 2010, 2012, and 2015, respectively). The outcome indicators revealed a decrease in referrals to the urology unit mostly among newly diagnosed patients. Even though the proportion of patients who underwent BPH-related surgeries increased significantly from the first to the second period, the number of surgeries remained stable between the second and third periods. CONCLUSIONS: The training program had a generally positive impact on the management of BPH patients in PC, but the overall study period may be insufficient to show an effect on some outcome indicators such as the number of surgeries.

Magnetic double-J stent: Evaluation of tolerance and impact on quality of life compared to traditional double-J stent.

INTRODUCTION: The placement of a ureteral stent is one of the most widely performed procedures in urology. It can have a negative impact on the patients' quality of life, requiring a cystoscopy for its removal. The objective of this study is to evaluate the symptoms and impact on quality of life derived from the use of a magnetic double-J stent (Black Star®) and compare them to those presented in patients with a traditional double-J stent (OptiMed®). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a comparative, prospective, randomized study in 46 patients who underwent ureterorenoscopy with double-J stent placement between August 2019 and June 2020. Of all patients included, 23 had a traditional double-J stent placed (group A) and 23 had a magnetic double-J stent (group B) placed. We evaluated the results of the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) in both groups, assessed the technical difficulty related to stent removal and the pain during the procedure using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). We also reviewed the need for medical attention due to problems related to the stent or after its removal. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding the answers in the USSQ and the complications related to the use of the stent. Group B showed less pain (1.52 vs. 4, VAS, p = 0.001) and less difficulty during removal (1.61 vs. 3, p < 0.001) associated with a shorter procedure duration (11.65 min vs. 22.17 min p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The tolerance shown by the use of magnetic double-J is comparable to the tolerance of traditional stent, since it does not cause an increase in urinary symptoms nor worsens the quality of life of patients during its use.

Treatment for rectourethral fistulas after radical prostatectomy with biological material interposition through a perineal access.

INTRODUCTION: Rectal injury is a rare complication after extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. The development of rectourethral fistulas (URF) from rectal injuries is one of the most feared and of more complex resolution in urology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2013 and 2020 we have operated on a total of 5 patients with URF after extraperitoneal endoscopic radical prostatectomy through a perineal access using the interposition of biological material. All fistulas had a diameter of less than 6 mm at endoscopy and were less than 6 cm apart from the anal margin. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 64 years old. All patients had a previous bowel and urinary diversion for at least 3 months. Under general anesthesia and with the patient in a forced lithotomy position, fistulorraphy and interposition of biological material of porcine origin (lyophilized porcine dermis [Permacol®]) were performed through a perineal access. Mean operative time was 174 min (140-210). Most patients were discharged on the third postoperative day. The bladder catheter was left in place for a mean of 40 days (30-60). Prior to its removal, cystography and a Gastrografin® barium enema were performed, showing resolution of the fistula in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The interposition of biological material from porcine dermis through perineal approach is a safe alternative with good results in patients submitted to urethrorectal fistulorraphy after radical prostatectomy.

Catéter doble J magnético: evaluación de la tolerancia e impacto en la calidad de vida en comparación con el catéter doble J tradicional / Magnetic double-J stent: evaluation of tolerance and impact on quality of life compared to traditional double-J stent

Introducción: La colocación de un catéter doble J (DJ) es uno de los procedimientos más realizados en urología. Puede causar un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida, siendo necesaria una cistoscopia para su extracción. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la sintomatología e impacto en la calidad de vida derivados del uso del catéter DJ magnético (Black Star®) y compararla con la del DJ tradicional (OptiMed®).Material y métodosRealizamos un estudio comparativo, prospectivo y aleatorizado en 46 pacientes sometidos a ureterorrenoscopia (URS) en quienes se colocó un DJ entre agosto del 2019 y junio del 2020. De los pacientes incluidos, 23 llevaron un DJ tradicional (grupo A) y 23 un DJ magnético (grupo B). Valoramos en ambos grupos los resultados del cuestionario de síntomas de catéter ureteral (USSQ). Evaluamos el dolor de la extracción mediante la escala visual analógica (EVA) y la dificultad de la retirada. Revisamos la necesidad de atención médica por problemas relacionados con el catéter o surgidos tras la extracción.ResultadosNo observamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el cuestionario USSQ, ni en las complicaciones. El grupo B presentó: menor dolor de la extracción (EVA de 1,52 vs. 4, p = 0,001), menor dificultad en la retirada (1,61 vs. 3, p < 0,001) y menor tiempo de extracción (11,65 vs. 22,17 min p < 0,001).ConclusionesEl DJ magnético es un catéter ureteral que presenta una tolerancia equiparable a los tradicionales, ya que no genera un incremento de la sintomatología urinaria ni empeora la calidad de vida de los pacientes durante su uso. (AU)

Introduction: The placement of a ureteral stent is one of the most widely performed procedures in urology. It can have a negative impact on the patients’ quality of life, requiring a cystoscopy for its removal. The objective of this study is to evaluate the symptoms and impact on quality of life derived from the use of a magnetic double-J stent (Black Star ®) and compare them to those presented in patients with a traditional double-J stent (OptiMed®).Material and methodsWe conducted a comparative, prospective, randomized study in 46 patients who underwent ureterorenoscopy with double-J stent placement between August 2019 and June 2020. Of all patients included, 23 had a traditional double-J stent placed (group A) and 23 had a magnetic double-J stent (group B) placed. We evaluated the results of the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) in both groups, assessed the technical difficulty related to stent removal and the pain during the procedure using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). We also reviewed the need for medical attention due to problems related to the stent or after its removal.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding the answers in the USSQ and the complications related to the use of the stent. Group B showed less pain (1,52 vs. 4, VAS, p = 0.001) and less difficulty during removal (1,61 vs. 3, p < 0,001) associated with a shorter procedure duration (11,65 min vs. 22,17 min p < 0,001).ConclusionsThe tolerance shown by the use of magnetic double-J is comparable to the tolerance of traditional stent, since it does not cause an increase in urinary symptoms nor worsens the quality of life of patients during its use. (AU)

Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior por hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Nuestra experiencia inicial con Urolift(R) bajo anestesia local y sedación / Minimally invasive treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Our initial experience with Urolift(R) under local anaesthesia and sedation

Introducción: El tratamiento de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior secundarios a hiperplasia benigna de próstata con la utilización del sistema Urolift(R) se lleva realizando desde 2005 con buenos resultados a medio plazo. En este trabajo presentamos nuestra experiencia realizando esta técnica bajo anestesia local y sedación en 2 centros españoles. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo con 20 pacientes tratados con Urolift(R) bajo anestesia local y sedación entre abril de 2017 y abril de 2018. El protocolo anestésico consistía en la colocación de 2 lubricantes con lidocaína fríos (el primero 10 min antes de la intervención y el segundo momentos antes de iniciar la endoscopia). A un tercio de los pacientes se les añadió un bloqueo prostático similar al que se realiza en las biopsias de próstata y, según la tolerancia, durante el procedimiento, se les añadió 1 mg de midazolam intravenoso. El objetivo primario es evaluar la tolerabilidad de este procedimiento bajo anestesia local usando la escala visual analógica. Resultados: El procedimiento ha sido realizado en 20 pacientes en 2 centros diferentes usando el mismo protocolo anestésico. La puntuación media en la escala escala visual analógica de dolor fue de 1,37 para la introducción del cistoscopio y de 1,19 para la colocación de los implantes. A la pregunta de si el dolor había sido mayor, menor o igual al de la cistoscopia diagnóstica, solo el 20% de los pacientes respondieron que había sido mayor. En todos los casos hubo una buena tolerancia al procedimiento, no precisándose en ninguno de ellos el cambio del tipo de anestesia. Conclusiones: Consideramos que la utilización del Urolift(R) bajo anestesia local y sedación es un método bien tolerado, seguro y eficaz para el tratamiento de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior por hiperplasia benigna de próstata

Introduction: The treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia with the Urolift(R) system has been carried out since 2005 with good results in the medium term. In this work, we present our experience performing this technique under local anaesthesia and sedation in 2 Spanish centres. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted with 20 patients treated with Urolift(R) under local anaesthesia and sedation between April 2017 and April 2018. The anaesthesia protocol consisted in the placement of 2 lubricants with cold lidocaine (the first one, 10 min before the intervention, and the second one, just before introducing the cystoscopy). A prostate block (similar to the one employed in prostate biopsies) was administered to one third of the patients and 1mg of intravenous midazolam was added if required during the procedure. Our primary objective is to evaluate the tolerability of this procedure under local anaesthesia using the validated Visual Analogue Scale measurement instrument. Results: The procedure has been performed under the same anaesthetic protocol to 20 patients from 2 different centres. The average pain scores on the Visual Analogue Scale were 1.37 for the cystoscopy procedure and 1.19 for the placement of the implants. When asked whether the pain sensations had been higher, lower or the same during the procedure or at the preoperative cystoscopy, only 18% of the patients responded it was higher. In all cases there was a good tolerance to the procedure, and changes to the anaesthesia protocols were never required. Conclusions: We consider that the Urolift(R) system under local anaesthesia and sedation is a well-tolerated, safe and effective method for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia

Minimally invasive treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Our initial experience with Urolift® under local anaesthesia and sedation. / Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior por hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Nuestra experiencia inicial con Urolift® bajo anestesia local y sedación.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia with the Urolift® system has been carried out since 2005 with good results in the medium term. In this work, we present our experience performing this technique under local anaesthesia and sedation in 2 Spanish centres. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 20 patients treated with Urolift® under local anaesthesia and sedation between April 2017 and April 2018. The anaesthesia protocol consisted in the placement of 2 lubricants with cold lidocaine (the first one, 10min before the intervention, and the second one, just before introducing the cystoscopy). A prostate block (similar to the one employed in prostate biopsies) was administered to one third of the patients and 1mg of intravenous midazolam was added if required during the procedure. Our primary objective is to evaluate the tolerability of this procedure under local anaesthesia using the validated Visual Analogue Scale measurement instrument. RESULTS: The procedure has been performed under the same anaesthetic protocol to 20 patients from 2 different centres. The average pain scores on the Visual Analogue Scale were 1.37 for the cystoscopy procedure and 1.19 for the placement of the implants. When asked whether the pain sensations had been higher, lower or the same during the procedure or at the preoperative cystoscopy, only 18% of the patients responded it was higher. In all cases there was a good tolerance to the procedure, and changes to the anaesthesia protocols were never required. CONCLUSIONS: We consider that the Urolift® system under local anaesthesia and sedation is a well-tolerated, safe and effective method for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Terapia ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (HIFU) para el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata: Experiencia a medio plazo / High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer: Medium-term experience

Introducción: Hoy en día, el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata localizado busca minimizar el impacto en la función sexual y la continencia urinaria. En este sentido, la terapia con ultrasonido de alta intensidad ofrece resultados interesantes. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con esta técnica en 2 centros españoles. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de 75 pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado tratados con terapia con ultrasonido de alta intensidad entre marzo de 2007 y julio de 2016. Se evaluaron los resultados oncológicos y las complicaciones perioperatorias, así como el impacto en la función sexual y la continencia. Resultados: Sesenta y siete pacientes fueron analizados. El seguimiento medio fue de 7,2 años. El PSA nadir fue de 0,2 ng/ml (0-3); 24 pacientes (35,5%) presentaron recidiva bioquímica y en 18 se realizó una nueva biopsia, evidenciando 10 casos (55,5%) con recidiva anatomopatológica. La supervivencia libre de recidiva bioquímica global a 5 y 8 años fue de 93,2 y 80,5%, respectivamente. La supervivencia específica para cáncer a 5 y 8 años fue en ambos casos de un 96%. En el postoperatorio, 50 pacientes (74,6%) eran continentes, 16 (23,9%) reportaban incontinencia leve y uno (1,5%), moderada. La mediana del International Index of Erectile Function-5 previa y postratamiento fue de 17 (5-25) y 16 (2-23) puntos, respectivamente. Reportaron disfunción eréctil de novo 9 pacientes (13,5%). Conclusión: La terapia con ultrasonido de alta intensidad parece ser una alternativa segura para el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata localizado, especialmente de bajo riesgo. En nuestra experiencia, esta técnica ofrece ventajas en la conservación de la continencia urinaria, y los resultados oncológicos parecen ser alentadores a medio plazo. Dada la evolución natural del cáncer de próstata, se requieren estudios a largo plazo y con mayor casuística que corroboren estos resultados

Introduction: The treatment of localised prostate cancer seeks to minimise the impact on sexual function and urinary continence. In this respect, therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound offers important results. We present our experience with this technique in 2 Spanish centres. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 75 patients with localised prostate cancer treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound between March 2007 and July 2016. The oncological results and perioperative complications were assessed, as well as the impact on sexual function and continence. Results: A total of 67 patients were analysed. The mean follow-up was 7.2 years. The PSA nadir was 0.2 ng/mL (0-3), 24 patients (35.5%) presented biochemical recurrence, and 18 underwent a further biopsy, with 10 cases (55.5%) presenting disease recurrence. The overall biochemical relapse-free survival at 5 and 8 years was 93.2 and 80.5%, respectively. The cancer-specific survival at 5 and 8 years was 96% in both cases. In the postoperative period, 50 patients (74.6%) were continent, 16 (23.9%) reported mild incontinence, and one (1.5%) reported moderate incontinence. The median International Index of Erectile Function-5 before and after the surgery was 17 (5-25) and 16 (2-23) points, respectively. Nine patients reported de novo erectile dysfunction (13.5%). Conclusion: High-intensity focused ultrasound appears to be a safe alternative for the treatment of localised prostate cancer, especially for low-risk localised prostate cancer. In our experience, this technique offers advantages in preserving urinary continence, and the medium-term oncological results are encouraging. Given the natural progression of prostate cancer, long-term studies with a larger number of cases are needed to corroborate these results

High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer: Medium-term experience. / Terapia ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (HIFU) para el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata: Experiencia a medio plazo.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of localised prostate cancer seeks to minimise the impact on sexual function and urinary continence. In this respect, therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound offers important results. We present our experience with this technique in 2 Spanish centres. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 75 patients with localised prostate cancer treated with high-intensity focused ultrasound between March 2007 and July 2016. The oncological results and perioperative complications were assessed, as well as the impact on sexual function and continence. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients were analysed. The mean follow-up was 7.2 years. The PSA nadir was 0.2ng/mL (0-3), 24 patients (35.5%) presented biochemical recurrence, and 18 underwent a further biopsy, with 10 cases (55.5%) presenting disease recurrence. The overall biochemical relapse-free survival at 5 and 8 years was 93.2 and 80.5%, respectively. The cancer-specific survival at 5 and 8 years was 96% in both cases. In the postoperative period, 50 patients (74.6%) were continent, 16 (23.9%) reported mild incontinence, and one (1.5%) reported moderate incontinence. The median International Index of Erectile Function-5 before and after the surgery was 17 (5-25) and 16 (2-23) points, respectively. Nine patients reported de novo erectile dysfunction (13.5%). CONCLUSION: High-intensity focused ultrasound appears to be a safe alternative for the treatment of localised prostate cancer, especially for low-risk localised prostate cancer. In our experience, this technique offers advantages in preserving urinary continence, and the medium-term oncological results are encouraging. Given the natural progression of prostate cancer, long-term studies with a larger number of cases are needed to corroborate these results.

Fotovaporización prostática (FVP) mediante láser verde. Ventajas quirúrgicas en pacientes de riesgo / Greenlight Laser Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). Surgical advantages in risk patients

Cada vez son más frecuentes en nuestras consultas los pacientes diagnosticados de HBP en los que al indicar la intervención quirúrgica, se plantean limitaciones por la toma de medicación concomitante, edad, morbilidad asociada o condiciones psicosociales. La RTU de próstata, aun siendo el patrón quirúrgico de referencia, en este grupo de pacientes ancianos y de alto riesgo, no está exenta de complicaciones como la posibilidad de reabsorción, sangrado e incluso transfusión en un porcentaje de casos. La fotovaporización prostática mediante láser puede ser una alternativa válida en este subgrupo de pacientes. Revisamos nuestra experiencia en este procedimiento, así como lo publicado al respecto y describimos recomendaciones técnicas que consideramos útiles para evitar en lo posible complicaciones durante la cirugía o en el postoperatorio inmediato (AU)

It is more and more common to have patients in our clinics with the diagnosis of BPH and indication for surgery who present limitations due to their medications, age, associated morbidity or psychosocial conditions. Transurethral resection of the prostate, though it is the surgical standard of reference, is not free from complications such as reabsorption syndrome, bleeding, or even blood transfusion in a percentage of cases. Laser PVP may be a valid alternative in this subgroup of patients. We review our experience with this procedure, as well as the published articles on this topic, and describe technical recommendations we consider useful to avoid complications when possible during surgery or the immediate postoperative period (AU)

[Greenlight Laser Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). Surgical advantages in risk patients]. / Fotovaporización prostática (FVP) mediante láser verde. Ventajas quirúrgicas en pacientes de riesgo.

It is more and more common to have patients in our clinics with the diagnosis of BPH and indication for surgery who present limitations due to their medications, age, associated morbidity or psychosocial conditions. Transurethral resection of the prostate, though it is the surgical standard of reference, is not free from complications such as reabsorption syndrome, bleeding, or even blood transfusion in a percentage of cases. Laser PVP may be a valid alternative in this subgroup of patients. We review our experience with this procedure, as well as the published articles on this topic, and describe technical recommendations we consider useful to avoid complications when possible during surgery or the immediate postoperative period.

[Ancient urology in the Kingdom of Valencia. Height and declivity]. / Urología antigua en el Reino de Valencia. Apogeo y declive.

During the second half of the XVIth century the interest of the clinicians moves towards the venereal ailments and the urethral carnosities (narrowness) to the detriment of the litiasic processes. They are of special relevancy for us, in the period summit of the medical sciences in Valencian lands, Miguel Juan Pascual who in his work "Morborum internorum" (1555) there synthesizes everything known on the syphilis in this epoch, its origin, diagnosis and treatment, Juan Calvo considered one of the best surgeons of the XVIth century and Miguel de Leriza author of the "Tractatus of the way of treating the carnosities and corns of the route of the urine". The baroque was an epoch of general crisis in Spain and in the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, specially clear in fields as the anatomy and the surgery. The serious decadence that suffered during these years the scientific Valencian production turns out to be evident. Not even an alone anatomical text was published in the first half of the XVIIth century, whereas in the surgical area the "Summary of everything about the theoretical and practice of Surgery", of Alonso Romano can be considered deigns of mention. The illustration brought new reformists airs and around the flourishing scientific academies, there congregated the most select of the Valencian intellectuality. Andres Piquer Arrufat is considered to be the maximum figure of the Valencian medicine of this period. Not even after the war of independence and the reign of Fernando VII who died in 1833 when there sit down the bases of the modern urology and the consolidation as speciality at the end of the XIXth. The Valencian principal figures of this period are Miguel Más y Soler, Alejandro Settler and especially Rafael Mollá y Rodrigo.

[Ancient urology in the Kingdom of Valencia. Origins]. / Urologia antigua en el Reino de Valencia. Orígenes.

When we speak about ancient Urology we try to revise the ways of diagnosing and treating during the last epochs the genitourinary diseases, sufferings that are recognizable for us in the classic descriptions. We try to place the urology knowledge in Valencian lands, in the historical general current, relating it to the social, political and economic structure in every moment. Are outlined the innovative legislations that regulated the medical occupation, the influence of the European currents in the development of the medicine and surgery at Valencia up to the renaissance, the creation of the School of Surgery in 1462, the obtaining of the royal privilege in 1478 to dissect human corpses, the foundation of the University of Valencia in 1502, by the Valencian pope Alejandro VI, and license of the king Fernando Catholic and the unification of the set of hospital centres of the city of Valencia in 1512, constituting the General Hospital. In this period they are of special relevancy for us Arnau de Vilanova who wrote the "Tractatus against calculum" the first text related to the urologic pathology, written with monographic character, in the medical European literature, Gaspar Torrella who in 1497 realized the first clinical and therapeutic study of the epoch on the syphilis, considered like the most valuable original description of the new disease and Pedro Jimeno and Luis Collado as visible heads of the flourishing anatomical Valencian school whom Francisco Diaz, author in 1588 of first Urology Tractatus in the History of the medicine, recognizes as his teachers during his staying in Valencia.

Urología antigua en el Reino de Valencia. Apogeo y declive / Ancient urology in the kingdom of Valencia. Height and declivity

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI se desplaza el interés de los clínicos hacia las dolencias venereas y las carnosidades uretrales (estrecheces) en detrimento de los procesos litiásicos. Son de especial relevancia para nosotros, en el periodo cumbre de las ciencias médicas en tierras valencianas, Miguel Juan Pascual quien en su obra “Morborum internorum” (1555) sintetiza magistralmente todo lo conocido sobre la sífilis en su época, su origen, diagnóstico y curación, Juan Calvo considerado uno de los mejores cirujanos del siglo XVI y Miguel de Leriza autor del “Tratado del modo de curar las carnosidades y callos de la vía de la orina”. El barroco fue una época de crisis general en España y en el Antiguo Reino de Valencia, especialmente patente en campos como la anatomía y la cirugía. La grave decadencia que sufrió durante estos años la producción científica valenciana resulta evidente. Ni un solo texto anatómico se publicó en la primera mitad del siglo XVII, mientras que en el terreno quirúrgico solo la “Recopilación de toda la teórica y prática de Cirugía”, de Alonso Romano puede considerarse digna de mención. La ilustración trajo consigo nuevos aires reformistas y en torno a las florecientes academias científicas, se congregó lo más selecto de la intelectualidad valenciana. Andres Piquer Arrufat es considerado la máxima figura de la medicina valenciana de este periodo. No es hasta después de la guerra de independencia y el reinado de Fernando VII que falleció en 1833 cuando se sientan las bases de la moderna urología y su consolidación como especialidad a finales del XIX. Las figuras valencianas principales de este periodo son Miguel Mas y Soler, Alejandro Settier y sobre todo Rafael Mollá y Rodrigo

During the second half of the XVIth century the interest of the clinicians moves towards the venereal ailments and the urethral carnosities (narrowness) to the detriment of the litiasic processes. They are of special relevancy for us, in the period summit of the medical sciences in Valencian lands, Miguel Juan Pascual who in his work “Morborum internorum” (1555) there synthesizes everything known on the syphilis in this epoch, its origin, diagnosis and treatment, Juan Calvo considered one of the best surgeons of the XVIth century and Miguel de Leriza author of the “Tractatus of the way of treating the carnosities and corns of the route of the urine”. The baroque was an epoch of general crisis in Spain and in the ancient Kingdom of Valencia, specially clear in fields as the anatomy and the surgery. The serious decadence that suffered during these years the scientific Valencian production turns out to be evident. Not even an alone anatomical text was published in the first half of the XVIIth century, whereas in the surgical area the “Summary of everything about the theoretical and practice of Surgery”, of Alonso Romano can be considered deigns of mention. The illustration brought new reformists airs and around the flourishing scientific academies, there congregated the most select of the Valencian intellectuality. Andres Piquer Arrufat is considered to be the maximum figure of the Valencian medicine of this period. Not even after the war of independence and the reign of Fernando VII who died in 1833 when there sit down the bases of the modern urology and the consolidation as speciality at the end of the XIXth. The Valencian principal figures of this period are Miguel Más y Soler, Alejandro Settier and especially Rafael Mollá y Rodrigo

Urología antigua en el Reino de Valencia. Orígenes / Ancient urology in the kingdom of Valencia. Origins

Al hablar de Urología antigua intentamos repasar las formas de diagnosticar y tratar en épocas pasadas las enfermedades genitourinarias, padecimientos que son reconocibles por nosotros en sus descripciones clásicas. Pretendemos situar el saber urológico en tierras valencianas, en la corriente histórica general, relacionándola con la estructura social, política y económica en cada momento. Se destacan las innovadoras legislaciones que regularon el quehacer médico, la influencia de las corrientes europeas en el desarrollo de la medicina y cirugía valencianas hasta el renacimiento, la creación de la Escuela de Cirugía en 1462, la obtención del privilegio real en 1478 para disecar cadáveres humanos, la fundación de la Universidad de Valencia en 1502, por bula del papa valenciano Alejandro VI, y licencia del rey Fernando el Católico y la unificación del conjunto de centros hospitalarios de la ciudad de Valencia en 1512, constituyendo el Hospital General. En este periodo son de especial relevancia para nosotros Arnau de Vilanova quien escribió el opúsculo 'Tractatus contra calculum' primer texto relacionado con la patología urológica, escrito con carácter monográfico, en la literatura médica europea, Gaspar Torrella quien en 1497 realizó el primer estudio clínico y terapéutico de la época sobre la sífilis, considerada como la más valiosa descripción original de la nueva enfermedad y Pedro Jimeno y Luis Collado como cabezas visibles de la floreciente escuela anatómica valenciana a quien Francisco Díaz, autor en 1588 del primer tratado de Urología en la Historia de la medicina, reconoce como sus maestros durante su estancia en Valencia

When we speak about ancient Urology we try to revise the ways of diagnosing and treating during the last epochs the genitourinary diseases, sufferings that are recognizable for us in the classic descriptions. We try to place the urology knowledge in Valencian lands, in the historical general current, relating it to the social, political and economic structure in every moment. Are outlined the innovative legislations that regulated the medical occupation, the influence of the European currents in the development of the medicine and surgery at Valencia up to the renaissance, the creation of the School of Surgery in 1462, the obtaining of the royal privilege in 1478 to dissect human corpses, the foundation of the University of Valencia in 1502, by the Valencian pope Alejandro VI, and license of the king Fernando Catholic and the unification of the set of hospital centres of the city of Valencia in 1512, constituting the General Hospital. In this period they are of special relevancy for us Arnau de Vilanova who wrote the 'Tractatus against calculum' the first text related to the urologic pathology , written with monographic character, in the medical European literature, Gaspar Torrella who in 1497 realized the first clinical and therapeutic study of the epoch on the syphilis, considered like the most valuable original description of the new disease and Pedro Jimeno and Luis Collado as visible heads of the flourishing anatomical Valencian school whom Francisco Díaz, author in 1588 of first Urology Tractatus in the History of the medicine, recognizes as his teachers during his staying in Valencia

[Testicular dislocation. Report of 2 new cases and review of the literature]. / Dislocación testicular. Aportación de 2 nuevos casos y revisión de la literatura.

We report 2 new cases of testicular luxation. A review of current literature is made. Testis was located inguinal after scrotal trauma in both cases. Early close reduction was unsuccessfully. A delayed reduction was found in one case at the moment of surgery. A surgical replacement of the testis was carried out in the other patient. Follow-up control revealed a benign course in both. Testicular dislocation is a rare complication after scrotal trauma (only 152 cases reported). Physician have to be aware of this possibility following perineal trauma. Oftenly, a surgery reduction is required.

Dislocación testicular. Aportación de 2 nuevos casos y revisión de la literatura / Testicular dislocation. Report of 2 new cases and review of current literature

Presentamos dos nuevos casos de luxación testicular y revisamos la literatura al respecto. En ambos casos el testículo se alojó en área inguinal tras traumatismo escrotal directo. Si bien se intentaron maniobras de reducción, éstas fueron inicialmente infructuosas, aunque en el primer caso constatamos una reducción espontánea diferida. En el 2º caso se practicó reducción quirúrgica. La evolución posterior en ambos casos ha sido satisfactoria sin hallar signos de atrofia testicular. La dislocación testicular es una lesión infrecuente (152 casos publicados en la literatura). En todo caso, debe ser tenida en cuenta al evaluar los traumatismos testiculares. Generalmente requiere tratamiento quirúrgico (AU)

[Renal and perirenal abscess]. / Abscesos renales y perirrenales.

Renal and perirenal abscesses are rare infections of the urinary tract traditionally caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Today however there is a predominance of abscesses secondary to coliform bacteria such as E. coli. This paper presents a revision of our series over the last ten years (1987-1996). A total of 11 abscesses (3 renal and 8 perinephritic) were recorded. The most frequent symptom for visiting the clinic was back pain. All patients had predisposing associated conditions. The microbiological analysis revealed E. coli in most abscesses. An HIV+ patient had bilateral renal abscess secondary to Aspergillus fumigatus. CAT appears to be the most specific method for imaging diagnosis, and ultranosography is useful not only to guide percutaneous puncture but also in the follow-up of abscesses after antibiotic treatment. Two renal abscesses resolved with parenteral antibiotic therapy and subsequent observation. Three cases required ultrasound guided percutaneous puncture and intravenous antibiotic therapy. Surgical drainage was required in four. A revision of our experience and the recent literature verified the changes that have taken place in the last few years both in the etiopathogenesis as well as the diagnostic and therapeutical methodology of renal and perinephritic abscesses.

Paraureteral extrusion of calculi after endoscopic pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy.

Laser lithotripsy has become an effective and low-morbidity procedure for the treatment of ureteral calculi. Nevertheless, ureteral endoscopy is not free of side effects and complications. Lithiasis extrusion is one of the early complications of this procedure, and usually, the diagnosis is carried out by means of urographic findings because it is not easily recognized during ureteroscopy. Between January 1990 and May 1996, a total of 1047 endoscopic lithotripsies with the pulsed-dye laser were performed in our department. The 3-month stone-free rate as a single treatment was 76.5%. We found 11 cases (1.05%) of calculi extrusion after ureteral endoscopic treatment. Only one case was diagnosed intraoperatively. The evolution after a mean follow-up period of 18 months (range 6-34 months) was satisfactory in all cases. No urinary extravasation, infection, or secondary ureteral strictures were found. According to the absence of side effects, it was considered unnecessary to remove the extruded calculi. Extrusion of noninfected calculi into the periureteral tissues after laser lithotripsy causes no significant consequences and can be successfully managed conservatively. Knowledge of this possible complication is the best way to avoid it. A careful technique and a low irrigant flow will be very helpful.

[Treatment of benign hyperplasia of the prostate using thermal transurethral needle ablation (TUNA)]. / Tratamiento de la hiperplasia benigna de próstata mediante ablación térmica transuretral con aguja (TUNA).

Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) is a new, fast and minimally invasive device that produce a selective necrosis of the prostatic gland by delivering low level radiofrequency energy. We describe our experience with this new technique. A total of 42 patients suffering from symptomatic BPH were treated with this procedure. The original generator was used in 27 patients (group 1). A new generator allowing a more homogeneous application of intraprostatic temperature was used in 15 patients (group 2). The patients pretreatment evaluation consisted of World Health Organization symptom score and quality of life, digital rectal examination, uroflowmetric parameters, residual volume, transrectal ultrasound and PSA. Follow-up was performed using the same pretreatment parameters at one month, three months, six months and twelve months. All patients were treated using urethral xylocaine with intravenous or intramuscular sedation (petidine clorhidrate) and tolerance was good. IPSS and quality of life decreased significantly in both groups at first month after treatment and kept low up to twelve-month control. Peak flow rate increased from 7.7 +/- 3.7 ml/sec to 10 +/- 4.1 ml/sec at the twelve-month control in group 1 (p > 0.05), and from 7.6 +/- 2 ml/sec to 9.8 +/- 3.3 ml/sec in group 2 (p > 0.05). Residual volume decrease was statistically significant in group 2 (p < 0.05). No significant complications were encountered. Five patients in group 1 and one patient in group 2 required TURP some time in the follow-up (14%). In our experience, after one year of follow-up, improvement in subjective parameters is evident, although uroflowmetric improvement is moderate and with no statistically significance. No differences were found between both groups of treatment.

[Cystadenoma of seminal vesicles]. / Cistadenoma de vesículas seminales.

Cystadenoma of the seminal vesicles is a extremely rare pathology. To our knowledge only eight cases have been reported in the literature. We report a new case of this benign tumor, bilaterally located and incidentally found at surgery. Literature is reviewed and clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of these are discussed.