ABSTRACT
The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in isolated human leukocytes has been used to measure the level of nonspecific antiviral immunity. However, during infection with some pathogens, the main effect observed is caused by interaction between the pathogen and VSV. This was also noted in advanced stages of HIV infection, when an inverse association between HIV viral load and VSV replication was found. The mutual effect was markedly stronger than the correlation between the VSV replication level and CD4(+) T-cell count. Since successful antiretroviral therapy is associated with a decrease in HIV viremia to undetectable levels, the effect of such therapy on VSV replication was expected and confirmed in this investigation. In fact, increased VSV titers were observed together with decreased HIV viral load, particularly in the case of efficient therapeutic schemes, for example those including lopinavir/ritonavir. The results showed that VSV replication capacity reflected the progression of HIV infection. Moreover, the presence of interferon in the plasma of AIDS patients was found to be only partially responsible for the inhibition of VSV replication. The results suggest a specific HIV-VSV interaction, whether direct or indirect. Thus the VSV replication assay may be applied in evaluating the stage of HIV infection.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/immunology , HIV-1 , Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/physiology , Virus Replication/immunology , Adult , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Interferons/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Viral LoadABSTRACT
Extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis display a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. It was of great interest to check the effect of baicalein and wogonin preparations on two important mechanisms of innate immunity: the secretion of cytokines and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. To study the effect of S. baicalensis extracts on interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin (IL) production and virus replication, uninfected and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were used. Four pulverized preparations obtained from roots of Scutellaria and a Sigma-Aldrich preparation of purified baicalein were used in the study. RPMI extracts containing different amounts of baicalein and wogonin were used to study the effect on VSV replication in PBLs. PBLs express ex vivo individually differentiated cytokine-dependent resistance/innate immunity to viral infections. The degree of resistance was estimated on the basis of VSV replication in PBLs. The results obtained indicate that baicalein- and wogonin-containing extracts modulate cytokine production, that is inhibit IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and stimulate TNF-alpha and IL (IL-12, IL-10) production. They also augment the resistance of PBLs to VSV. Extract from S. baicalensis containing baicalein and wogonin regulates the innate antiviral immunity by modulation of cytokine production and stimulation of human leukocyte resistance.
Subject(s)
Cytokines/biosynthesis , Flavanones/pharmacology , Leukocytes/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Flavanones/chemistry , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Interferons/biosynthesis , Leukocytes/immunology , Leukocytes/virology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Prostaglandin Antagonists/pharmacology , Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Two activities of innate antiviral immunity were studied: the resistance of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) ex vivo to viral infection and the production of cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of blood were taken from healthy blood donors and from persons with frequent infections of the upper respiratory system. PMBCs were isolated by gradient centrifugation. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was used as the indicatory virus to infect PMBCs. The cytokines: IFN, TNF, and IL-6 were titrated by biological methods and IL-10 by ELISA. RESULTS: Blood donors were divided for two groups: those with VSV-resistant and those with VSV-sensitive PMBCs and secretion of cytokines by them was compared. The resistant PMBCs produced more cytokines than the sensitive ones. A statistically significant difference, was found only in the case of the IFNs. To examine the contribution of IFNs and TNF in maintaining resistance, leukocytes from both groups were treated with specific anti-cytokine antibodies. The authors' previous study showed that the elimination of spontaneous IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha from resistant leukocytes resulted in increased VSV replication This indicates the important role of cytokines. In VSV-sensitive PMBCs, anti-IFN-alpha showed the opposite effect (decreased virus replication). In the absence of spontaneous IFN-alpha, disturbances in cytokine production were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Complete resistance of PMBC to VSV infection is accompanied by higher cytokine release, The paradoxical effect of anti-IFN-alpha on virus replication in leukocytes sensitive to viral infection may be attributed to changes in the cytokine profile balance, i.e. high TNF production by VSV-infected leukocytes and a complete reduction of IL-6 production.
