ABSTRACT
AIM: To report on the results of the online international consensus process to develop the comprehensive and brief International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for adults with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: An online iterative decision-making and consensus process involved 25 experts, including clinicians and researchers working with adults with CP, an adult with CP, and the parents of adults with CP from all six regions of the World Health Organization. The most relevant categories were selected from a list of 154 unique second-level candidate categories to develop the ICF Core Sets for adults with CP. This list resulted from evidence gathered during four preparatory studies, that is, a systematic literature review, a qualitative study, an expert survey, and an empirical study. RESULTS: The consensus process resulted in the comprehensive ICF Core Set containing 120 second-level ICF categories: 33 body functions; eight body structures; 50 activities and participation; and 29 environmental factors, from which the most essential categories, 33 in total, were selected for the brief ICF Core Set. For body functions, most of the categories were mental functions and neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions. Body structures were mostly related to movement. All the chapters of the activities and participation component were represented, with mobility and self-care as the most frequently covered chapters. For environmental factors, most of the categories addressed products and technology and services, systems, and policies. INTERPRETATION: The comprehensive and brief ICF Core Sets for adults with CP were created using a new online version of an established ICF Core Set consensus process. These Core Sets complement the age-specific ICF Core Sets for children and young people with CP and will promote standardized data collection worldwide.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Palsy , Disabled Persons , Activities of Daily Living , Adolescent , Adult , Cerebral Palsy/diagnosis , Child , Consensus , Disability Evaluation , Humans , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
AIM: To examine the most relevant aspects of functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) from their perspective, in order to develop an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for adults with CP. METHOD: We conducted six focus group discussions with adults with CP without intellectual disability and seven interviews with adults with CP with intellectual disability and caregivers, addressing all ICF components. Meaningful concepts were identified from verbatim transcripts and linked to ICF categories by two independent researchers. RESULTS: In total, 31 adults with CP without intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 46y 1mo [14y 1mo]; 20 females, 11 males; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I-IV) and seven adults with CP and intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 25y 8mo [6y 8mo]; four females, three males; GMFCS levels III-V) participated. We identified 132 unique second-level categories: 47 body functions, seven body structures, 43 activities and participation, and 35 environmental factors. The most frequently mentioned categories were emotional function, pain, muscle tone function, support of family, products and technology, and health services. INTERPRETATION: Adults with CP experienced problems in a broad range of body functions and activities and indicated the importance of environmental factors for functioning. The identified categories will be added to the list of candidate items to reach consensus on an ICF Core Set for adults with CP. What this paper adds Including the lived experience is crucial for fully understanding functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Adults with CP perceive environmental factors as essential elements for everyday functioning. Adults with intellectual disability should be considered as a group with specific problems.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living , Cerebral Palsy/physiopathology , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Cerebral Palsy/complications , Disability Evaluation , Disabled Persons , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/complications , International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The objective of study is to describe of clinic, microbiological and histological data of five cases of infective endocarditis (IE) with Osler's nodes in intravenous drug users. PATIENTS Y METHODS: Prospectively, 43 cases of IE in intravenous drugs users was revised. In 4 patients, a aspirate puncture of Osler's node was performed and in one patient a biopsy of Osler's node was done with Gram's stain and culture of specimen. RESULTS: From 43 episodes of IE, 33 were right-side IE, 9 left-side y 1 right and left side. No patients with right-side IE presented Osler's nodes, however five of 10 (50%) patients with left-side endocarditis. In all of cases gram positive cocci were observed in Gram's strain and Staphylococcus aureus growth on culture of lesion with the same antibiotype than isolated from blood culture. One case a cutaneous biopsy was performed, and inflammatory infiltrate with necrosis was found. CONCLUSIONS: The Gram's strain and culture of specimen aspirated from Osler's nodes were of high utility in the diagnosis of IE in intravenous drugs users. The presence of Osler's nodes in a patient with infective endocarditis must be suggest that the location in left-side. These data suggest that Osler's nodes in infective endocarditis by S. aureus in intravenous drugs users was originated by microvascular septic emboli.
Subject(s)
Embolism/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Erythema/etiology , Fingers/pathology , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Toes/pathology , Adult , Bacteremia/complications , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/microbiology , Biopsy , Embolism/microbiology , Embolism/pathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Erythema/microbiology , Female , Fingers/blood supply , Fingers/microbiology , Gentian Violet , Humans , Male , Phenazines , Prospective Studies , Staphylococcal Infections/complications , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/etiology , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/pathology , Toes/blood supply , Toes/microbiologyABSTRACT
Fundamento: Se describen los datos clínicos, microbiológicos e histológicos de cinco episodios de endocarditis infecciosa (EI) con nódulos de Osler en usuarios de drogas por vía parenteral (UDVP).Pacientes y métodos: Se han estudiado de forma prospectiva 43 casos de EI en UDVP. En 4 pacientes se realizó punción aspiración y en otro biopsia de un nódulo de Osler, con tinción de Gram y cultivo de la muestra. Resultados: De los 43 episodios de EI 33 fueron derechas, 9 izquierdas y 1 mixta. Cinco de los 10 (50 por ciento) pacientes con endocarditis izquierda o mixta presentaron nódulos de Osler, pero no se encontraron en ninguno de los pacientes con EI derecha. En todas las muestras tomadas por punción aspiración se observaron cocos grampositivos en racimos en la tinción de Gram y se obtuvo crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus con el mismo antibiotipo que los aislados en los hemocultivos. En el único caso en el que se realizo biopsia del nódulo se apreciaba trombos sépticos en la microcirculación. Conclusiones: La tinción de Gram y el cultivo del material aspirado de los nódulos de Osler tiene una alta rentabilidad en el diagnóstico etiológico de la EI en los usuarios a drogras por vía parenteral. La presencia de nódulos de Osler en un paciente con EI nos debe sugerir que la localización es izquierda. Estos datos sugieren que los nódulos de Osler, en la EI por S. aureus en los UDVP se origina como consecuencia de embolismos sépticos microvasculares (AU)
