ABSTRACT
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) permeates a variety of diseases and is a ubiquitous concern in every transplantation proceeding, from whole organs to modest grafts. Given its significance, efforts to evade the damaging effects of both ischemia and reperfusion are abundant in the literature and they consist of several strategies, such as applying pre-ischemic conditioning protocols, improving protection from preservation solutions, thus providing extended cold ischemia time and so on. In this review, we describe many of the latest pharmacological approaches that have been proven effective against IRI, while also revisiting well-established concepts and presenting recent pathophysiological findings in this ever-expanding field. A plethora of promising protocols has emerged in the last few years. They have been showing exciting results regarding protection against IRI by employing drugs that engage several strategies, such as modulating cell-surviving pathways, evading oxidative damage, physically protecting cell membrane integrity, and enhancing cell energetics.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Membrane/drug effects , Humans , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Reperfusion Injury/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Disorders of sex development are congenital conditions with atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex development. Gonadal dysgenesis in patients containing a Y chromosome have a high risk of developing germ cell tumors with potential for malignant transformation. CASE: We present the case of a 17-year-old phenotypic female with primary amenorrhea and 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis. Pelvic ultrasound showed a solid cystic lesion in the right gonad. Pathology showed a gonadoblastoma-associated mixed gonadal germ cell tumor with dysgerminoma and hepatoid yolk sac tumor. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this mixed neoplasm association has not been previously reported and this case illustrates the challenges for the diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis-associated tumors, emphasizing its recognition and prognostic implications.
