Effects of tactical dimension and situational variables in throw-ins on the offensive performance in football.

The aim of the study was to describe the usual practices in the execution of throw-ins by La Liga teams during the 2021-2022 season, identify tactical indicators related to the outcome of plays that start with a throw-in, calculate their predictive power, and finally analyse the influence of situational variables on the effectiveness of these plays. A total of 2,658 throw-ins, during 80 matches were analysed. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument "Thrinfoot" and two observers coded the data after a training process. Inter and intra-observer reliability was calculated using Cohen´s Kappa coefficient, revealing almost perfect agreement. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to predict the throw-ins outcome (p<0.05). Results showed how fast throw-ins (OR = 0.7, p<0.05), without pressing (OR = 0.4, p<0.001), short and backwards (OR = 0.3, p<0.01) in the central zone (OR = 0.6, p<0.01) and made in the 16´-30´ (OR = 0.6, p<0.01), 61´-75´ (OR = 0.7, p< 0.05) periods, presented higher probabilities of continuing with possession. Match status losing>2 (OR = 4.1, p< 0.05) showed higher probabilities of success. On the other hand, throw-ins from the defensive zone presented higher probabilities of unsuccess (OR = 8.6, p<0.01) and losing possession (OR = 1.8, p<0.01). Finally, the bottom teams showed the highest probability of losing the ball. In conclusion, tactical indicators such as duration, press, distance, direction and zone were identified as key performance indicators and the situational variables team quality, match status and time influence the outcome of throw-ins. These findings provide valuable insights to coaches regarding the factors that influence the outcome of throw-ins. This allows them to design optimal strategies for both executing and defending these plays based on the game situation and their immediate aims.

Future horizons in the analysis of technical-tactical performance in women's football: a mixed methods approach to the analysis of in-depth interviews with professional coaches and players.

Introduction: Scientific knowledge about the criteria that determine success in women's football is beginning to develop. Methods: This study was carried out with the aim of detecting regularities in the offensive success in elite women's football, as well as carrying out an interrelational analysis of linked behaviors, based on in-depth interviews with professional coaches and players. Eight in-depth interviews were conducted with professional Spanish coaches and players. The interviews were analyzed by indirect observation from a process of "quantitizing," through the construction of an indirect observation ad hoc instrument. The segmentation of the transcription of the interviews was carried out in textual units, and the creation of a matrix of codes. Two types of analysis were performed: first, a lag sequential analysis (LSA) was performed and, then, a polar coordinates analysis (PCA), which allowed to find, respectively, a wide number of established communicative patterns with offensive performance in women's football, as well as an interrelational map between the established codes. Results: The results obtained allowed us to suggest a statistically significant association between success in women's football and criteria such as the physical characteristics of a particular player, the individual action space, the duration of the attack, the type of dynamic start, individual and collective technical and tactical aspects, decision making and the type of attack used. Discussion: Based on these results, the influence of these criteria on performance in women's soccer can be studied in future studies. In addition, with the aim of increasing the validity of these conclusions, new studies on this subject may be carried out following strategies such as the Delphi Method.

T-pattern detection in the scientific literature of this century: A systematic review.

Introduction: Scientific literature contains mainly systematic reviews focused on substantial aspects, but there are also approaches that have combined both substantial and methodological aspects, which is our preferred option since it undeniably adds value. The aims of this study were: (1) to carry out a systematic review of the literatura on T-Pattern analysis (TPA), and (2) to explore the possible contribution of mixed methods research to the integration of qualitative and quantitative elements on a synthesis level. Methods: Based on PRISMA guidelines, searches were carried out in the Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. The general search syntax was: "THEME" AND ("T-Patterns" OR "T Patterns") carried out in title, keywords and abstract. In addition, we included empirical articles on THEME and T-Patterns collected in other sources based on citations in several empirical works and consultations with different authors. This selection process resulted in 125 primary documents making up this systematic review. Results: The results showed that the detection of structures in behavior patterns forms a nexus between studies carried out in very diverse fields and contexts. Most studies are observational, whilst the applicability and power of T-Pattern detection are extraordinary. It allows the researcher to go deeper in a robust analysis that responds to the integration of qualitative and quantitative elements which constitutes the leit motive of mixed methods; and also to discover the deep, hidden structure that underlies the respective databases, regardless of the methodology used in each study. The possibilities in assigning parameters notably increase the options for obtaining results and their interpretation. Discussion: It is relevant the extraordinary strength and applicability of T-pattern detection. There is a high presence of T-pattern detection and analysis in studies using observational methodology. It is necessary commit to consolidating the methodological analysis of selected works, as taking individual and collective responsibility for improving methodological quality of TPA studies, taking advantage of the resources provided by the THEME program.

Descifrando la influencia del resultado parcial sobre las posesiones de balón en fútbol femenino: un estudio observacional / Decifrando a influência do resultado parcial na posse de bola no futebol feminino: um estudo observacional / Deciphering the influence of the partial result on ball possessions in women's soccer: an observational study

El fútbol femenino está experimentando un notable crecimiento desde hace unos años a esta parte. La investigación científica debe estar a la vanguardia de este crecimiento, proponiendo recomendaciones con aval científico que ayude a mejorar la toma de decisiones en el campo aplicado. En el presente estudio se analiza una de las variables contextuales más estudiadas en fútbol masculino de alto rendimiento, como es la influencia del resultado parcial en las posesiones de balón. Para ello, se han recogido y analizado 6063 posesiones de balón realizadas durante los dos campeonatos del mundo más recientes, el FIFA Women ́s World Cup 2015 y 2019. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo dos tipos de análisis: en primer lugar, un análisis univariado para conocer incidencia,eficacia y prácticas habituales de este tipo de acciones; en segundo lugar, a nivel bivariado, se pretende conocer la posible influencia del resultado parcial (ganando, empatando o perdiendo) en los diferentes criterios considerados. Los resultados disponibles indican que las posesiones de balón son acciones que tienen una alta incidencia durante los partidos, pero con un índice de eficacia muy reducido). A nivel bivariado, el resultado parcial sí modula el comportamiento de ciertos criterios como la formade inicio de la posesión, la duración, el número de pases o el contexto de interacción. Los resultados del presente estudio pueden ayudar a las entrenadoras de fútbol durante su labor al frente de los equipos. (AU)

Women's football has been experiencing notable growth for a few years now. Scientific research must be at the forefront of this growth, proposing scientifically backed recommendations that help improve decision-making in the applied field. In the present study, one of the most studied contextual variables in high performance men's soccer is analyzed, such as the influence of the partial result on ball possessions. To do this, 6063 ball possessions made during the two most recent world championships, the FIFA Women's World Cup 2015 and 2019, have been collected and analyzed. To do this, two types of analysis have been carried out: firstly, a univariate analysis to find out the incidence, efficacy andhabitual practices of this type of actions; secondly, at a bivariate level, it is intended to know the possible influence of the partial result (winning, drawing or losing) on the different criteria considered. The available results indicate that ball possessions are actions that have a high incidence during matches, but with a very low efficiency rate). At a bivariate level, the partial result does modulate the behavior of certain criteria such as the manner in which possession begins, the duration, the number of passes or the context of interaction. The results of this study can help soccer coaches during their work in charge of the teams. (AU)

O futebol feminino vem experimentando um crescimento notável há alguns anos. A pesquisa científica deve estar na vanguarda desse crescimento, propondo recomendações cientificamente respaldadas que ajudem a melhorar a tomada de decisões no campo aplicado. No presente estudo, analisa-se uma das variáveis contextuais mais estudadas no futebol masculino de alto rendimento, como a influência do resultado parcial na posse de bola. Para isso, foram coletadas e analisadas 6.063 posses de bola feitas durante os dois últimos campeonatos mundiais, a Copa do Mundo Feminina da FIFA 2015 e 2019. Para isso, dois tipos de análise foram realizados: em primeiro lugar, uma análise univariada para conhecer a incidência, eficácia e práticas habituais deste tipo de ação; em segundo lugar, a nível bivariado, pretende-se conhecer a possível influência do resultado parcial (vitória, empate ou derrota) nos diferentes critérios considerados. Os resultados disponíveis indicam que as posses de bola são ações com alta incidência duranteas partidas, mas com baixíssimo índice de eficiência). A nível bivariado, o resultado parcial modula o comportamento de certos critérios como a forma de início da posse, a duração, o número de passes ou o contexto da interação. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar os treinadores de futebol durante seu trabalho à frente das equipes. (AU)

Differences in Technical Development and Playing Space in Three UEFA Champions Leagues.

The analysis of football grows exponentially, with many researchers adopting it as an object of study. The thematic range that addresses it, as well as the different methodologies used, are of a very different nature-physical, psychological, technical, tactical-enriching every day the knowledge, and understanding of the game itself. The objective of this study has been to identify the differences between the different styles of play that lead to becoming the champion of the UEFA Champions League in the last 3 years of the pre-COVID stage, by analyzing the spatial performance developed, the association between the players that make up the different lines of the game system and the analysis of the various technical actions that are developed to carry out the offensive phase of each team. For this, the Observational Methodology and two types of analysis have been used: quantitative, by calculating X 2, and qualitative, by applying the Polar Coordinates technique. The results obtained show the relationship that is established between the different lines that make up the offensive systems of the champion teams of this competition, as well as the relationship of significance that is established between the use of space-width and depth-and the technical means used to achieve success, the goal.

Identification of Explanatory Variables in Possession of the Ball in High-Performance Women's Football.

Women's football is a phenomenon that is experiencing an unstoppable increase in recent years. The objective of this study was to analyze how ball possessions are performed in high-performance women's football. For this, the 52 matches played by all the national teams participating in the Women's World Cup 2015 were analyzed. A total of 3740 ball possessions were examined. Using the "move outcome" variable as a reference criterion, a statistically significant relationship was found between possessions that ended in success and possessions that have failed. Specifically, the successful possessions were those that were made in the offensive zone, with a clear intention to progress towards the rival goal, with a low number of passes, and made in the second half of the matches. The results of the logistic regression showed that the proposed model is statistically significant, with an acceptable explanatory capacity. Finally, the results of the decision tree evidence the success of those possessions aiming at a quick completion, with very few passes and the offensive zone as a priority area for the possession.

Association Between Preschoolers' Specific Fine (But Not Gross) Motor Skills and Later Academic Competencies: Educational Implications.

Motor development is an inseparable component of cognitive development. So, to develop the mind, it is necessary to work the body. Therefore, Early Childhood Education curricula and the scientific literature emphasize the need to promote the development of motor skills during the 1st years of life. These skills are necessary for learning and subsequent academic performance. However, studies frequently offer only a partial view of these relationships. Few works have analyzed the specific relationships between different components of preschool gross and fine motor skills and subsequent performance on different academic competencies. Further, they present discrepant results. The aim of this study was to determinate which specific components of gross and fine motor skills assessed in Spanish students during the final year of Early Childhood Education (5 to 6-year-olds) were associated with different academic competencies assessed in the following academic year, when the students were in their 1st year of Primary Education. The final sample consisted of 38 Spanish students, aged 5. A mixed methods approach was used. It consisted of systematic observation to assess specific components of gross and fine motor skills when children were in the Early Childhood Education period, and selective methodology to evaluate their academic competencies (specifically in literacy and mathematics and overall), 1 year later, once in Primary Education. Multiple linear regression models were constructed using the computing language R to examine the association between motor skills and academic competencies. The results indicated that only the components of fine motor skills showed associations with academic competencies. The pattern of association varied when literacy and mathematics competencies were specifically and individually assessed and when overall academic competency was considered. The two assessed fine motor skills (Coordination and Integration) were associated with literacy competency (ß = 0.344, p = 0.025; ß = 0.349, p = 0.024, respectively) and overall academic competency (ß = 0.267, p = 0.065; ß = 0.493, p = 0.001, respectively). However, only Integration was associated with mathematics competency (ß = 0.476, p = 0.002). The "Discussion" section focuses on the educational implications of these results and future research. It highlights the importance of early assessment of fine motor skills to identify students likely to present inadequate subsequent academic performance and the need to apply instruction and interventions tailored to the specific needs of each child.

Offensive Transitions in High-Performance Football: Differences Between UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016.

Coaches, footballers and researchers agree that offensive transitions are one of the most important moments in football today. In a sport where defense over attack dominates, with low scores on the scoreboard, the importance of these actions from the offensive point of view becomes very important. Despite this, scientific literature is still very limited on this topic. Therefore, the objectives set out in the present investigation have been two: first, by means of a proportion analysis and the application of a chi-square test, it was intended to describe the possible differences between the offensive transitions made in the UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016; then, through different multivariate analyzes based on logistic regression models, it was intended to know the possible differences among the proposed models. Using observational methodology as a methodological filter, 1,533 offensive transitions corresponding to the observation of the quarter final, semifinal, and final quarter of UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016 have been analyzed. The results obtained have shown that offensive transitions between both championships have changed throughout both UEFA Euro, as well as some of the variables or behaviors associated with them (p < 0.05). The predictive models considered, although they have been developed from the same predictor variables, have also yielded different results for both championships, evidencing predictive differences among themselves. These results allow to corroborate that the offensive phase in high level football, specifically in what refers to moments of transition defense-attack, have evolved over these 8 years. At the applied level, the results of this research allow coaches to have current and contemporary information on these actions, potentially allowing them to improve their offensive performance during competition.

Application of multivariant decision tree technique in high performance football: The female and male corner kick.

The use of multidimensional statistical technique based on decision trees is of recent application in sports science. In the case of football, this technique has not yet been sufficiently proven. The aim of the present study was to search for different success models for the corners in the FIFA World Cup 2014 and FIFA Women's World Cup 2015. For this, the statistical analysis focused on the search for classification models for the different criteria considered (shot, shot between the three posts and goal), based on the creation of different decision trees that allow the most important variables to be identified quickly and efficiently. For this, 1117 corners were collected between the two competitions, performed in 116 international matches. It has been possible to establish multivariate models for the "shot" and "shot between the three posts" criteria, allowing, in some cases, to quadruple the potential for offensive success. On the other hand, we have been able to identify significant differences in the male and female model of execution. These findings suggest the need to continue deepening the study of tactical behavior in women's soccer from a multivariate perspective, and also propose a better optimization of the management and training of this type of actions for both male and female football. In addition, it has allowed to test the decision tree statistical technique in the analysis of high performance football, with satisfactory results and of great relevance in the applied field.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of motor actions by blind long jump athletes.

BACKGROUND: Blind people depend on spatial and temporal representations to perform activities of daily living and compete in sport. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the spatiotemporal characteristics of long jumps performed by blind athletes and compare findings with those reported for sighted athletes. METHODS: We analysed a sample of 12 male athletes competing in the F11 Long Jump Finals at the Paralympic Games in London 2012. Performances were recorded using four high-speed cameras, and speeds were measured using a radar speed gun. The images were processed using validated image analysis software. RESULTS: The long jump run-up is shorter in blind athletes than in sighted athletes. We observed statistically significant differences for body centre of mass velocity and an increase in speed over the last three strides prior to take-off, contrasting with reports for sighted athletes and athletes with less severe visual impairment, who maintain or reduce their speed during the last stride. Stride length for the last three strides was the only spatial characteristic that was not significantly associated with effective jump distance. Blind long jumpers extend rather than shorten their last stride. Contact time with the take-off board is longer than that reported for sighted athletes. CONCLUSION: The actions of blind long jumpers, unlike those without disabilities, do not vary their leg actions during the final runway approach for optimal placement on the take-off board.

Estudio sobre la calidad de un instrumento de observación / Estudo sobre a qualidade de um instrumento de observação / Study on the quality of an observation instrument

La construcción de un buen instrumento de observación en el ámbito de la Metodología Observacional es importante para poder validar las hipótesis del estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo, es presentar un procedimiento para conocer la calidad del instrumento de observación. Se utiliza como referencia un diseño de seguimiento, nomotético, multidimensional, y un sistema de categorías construido para registrar las jugadas ofensivas en el fútbol. La técnica estadística de la regresión logística, en este caso, permite determinar el grado de adecuación del instrumento de observación a la situación a estudiar. Se comprueba que las categorías que lo configuran no son buenas para registrar las transiciones ofensivas utilizando la información de los coeficientes R2 de Cox- Snell y R2 de Nagelkerke (AU)

A construção de um bom instrumento de observação no âmbito da Metodologia Observacional é importante para poder validar as hipóteses do estudo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um procedimento para conhecer a qualidade do instrumento de observação. Utilizou-se como referência um desenho de seguimento, nomotético, multidimensional e um sistema de categorias construído para registar as jogadas ofensivas em futebol. A técnica estatística é a regressão logística, neste caso, permite determinar o grau de adequação do instrumento de observação à situação a estudar. Comprova-se que as categorias que o configuram não são boas para registar as transições ofensivas utilizando as informações dos coeficientes R2 de CoxSnell y R2 de Nagelkerke (AU)

The construction of a good instrument of observation in the field of observational methodology is important in order to validate the hypotheses of the study. The objective of this study is to present a procedure to know the quality of an instrument. Using as reference a design of follow-up, nomotetic, multidimensional, and an instrument of observation (category system) built to record the offensive plays in a football game. The statistical technique of logistic regression, in this case, is used to predict the success/ no success of played offensive, as explained variable, which according to some predictor variables will determine the degree of adaptation of the instrument of observation to the situation to study. Checks are not good predictors of offensive transitions through the Cox - Snell and Nagelkerke R2 (AU)

Identification of Defensive Performance Factors in the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of defensive play in elite football, to identify variables associated with the direct recovery of ball possession, and to propose a model for predicting the success of defensive transitions. We analyzed 804 transitions in the final stages of the Fedération Internationale Football Association (FIFA) World Cup 2010, and investigated the following variables using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses: duration of defensive transition, possession loss zone, position of players at the start and end of the defensive transitions, defensive organization, general defensive approach, time of the match, position of defense, zone in which the offensive transition ends, match status, and outcome of the defensive transition. We found that the defensive transitions started most frequently in the middle offensive zone (48.9%), with an organized defense set-up (98.8%), and were unsuccessful on 57.2% of occasions. The bivariate analysis showed that the variable most strongly associated with direct recovery of the possession of the ball (p = 0.018) is the area in which the ball is lost, and the multivariate analysis showed that the duration of the defensive transition can be used as a performance indicator, with transitions lasting between 0 and 15 s associated with a higher likelihood of directly recovering the ball. This work has allowed us to identify a pattern of tactical-strategic behavior with major probabilities of success in the defensive transitions. These results will be able to be used by coaches to improve the performance of their teams in this type of situation in the game.

Cómo mejorar la efectividad en un jugador de tenis: Modelos de regresión log-lineales / How to improve the efectiveness in a tennis player: log-linear regression models

La efectividad en el deporte hace referencia al impacto alcanzado por una acción llevada a cabo en condiciones habituales, estando presente en la ejecución de cualquier actividad física, referida a la capacidad para producir el efecto deseado, y está relacionada con la eficacia, entendida como el efecto de una acción llevada a cabo en las mejores condiciones posibles, y que tiene como objetivo, lograr la meta, o conseguir el triunfo. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en identificar la relación entre la zona y el tipo de golpe, desde la cual el tenista presenta mayor y menor efectividad en el juego. Para ello se observó a un tenista durante 12 entrenamientos con un rival de nivel equivalente, según la ATP, durante la temporada 2012-2013, registrando su situación en la cancha y el tipo de golpe de todas las devoluciones con éxito, entendido como obtención del punto o recuperación del saque. Se crearon tres criterios categóricos que constituyen un instrumento de observación para registrar el juego del tenista en la zona horizontal, y la zona vertical de la pista, además del tipo de golpe que realiza en términos de drive, revés, smash y dejada. Utilizando la técnica de regresión log-lineal, se obtuvieron resultados que indican que el jugador presenta una menor efectividad en los golpes realizados desde el lado izquierdo, y muestra una mayor efectividad en el drive y revés ejecutados desde media pista o fondo del lado derecho. La interpretación de los resultados aporta información sobre las localizaciones en la pista y los golpes, relacionados con su mayor y menor efectividad (AU)

The effectiveness in the sport refers to the impact achieved by an action carried out in normal conditions, being present in the execution of any physical activity, refers to the ability to produce the desired effect, and is related to efficiency, understood as the effect of an action carried out in the best conditions possible, and which aims achieve the goal, and got the win. the objective of this work consisted in identifying the relationship between the area and the type of shot, which tennis player has greater and lesser effectiveness in the game. this was observed to a tennis player during 12 workouts with a rival of equivalent level, according to the ATP, during the 2012-2013 season, registering their situation in the field and the type of shot of all returns successfully, understood as obtaining the point or recovery of the drawdown. three categorical criteria which constitute an instrument of observation to the game of tennis in the horizontal area, and the vertical area of the track, as well as the type of shot that performs in terms of drive, reverse, smash and left register were created. Using log-linear regression technique they were obtained results indicate that the player presents a lower effectiveness in hits from the left side, and sample a more effectively executed from half track or background on the right side the drive and reverse. the interpretation of the results provides information on the locations on the track and hits, related to its greater and lesser effectiveness (AU)

A eficiência no desporto faz referência ao impacto alcançado por uma ação realizada em condições habituais, estando presente na realização de qualquer actividade física, com base na capacidade para produzir o efeito desejado, e está relacionada com a eficácia, ou seja, o efeito de uma acção levada a cabo nas melhores condições possíveis, e que tem como fim, alcançar o objetivo ou obter a vitória. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre a zona do campo e o tipo de batimento, com o qual o tenista obtém maior e menor eficiência no jogo. Para isso observou- -se um tenista durante 12 treinos com um adversário de nível semelhante, de acordo com o ATP durante a temporada 2012-2013, registando a sua posição no campo e tipo de batimentos referentes a todas as devoluções efectuadas com sucesso, definido como a obtenção de ponto ou recuperação do serviço. Foram criados três critérios de categorias que constituem um instrumento de observação para registar o jogo do tenista na zona horizontal e na zona vertical do campo, para além do tipo de batimento que este realiza em termos de direita, esquerda, remate e o fiamortiefi. Utilizando a técnica de regressão log-linear, obtiveram-se resultados que indicam que o jogador apresenta menor eficiência nos batimentos realizados do lado esquerdo, e mostra maior eficiência no batimento de direita e do lado contrário ao que segura a raquete , executados a partir do meio do campo ou do fundo do campo do lado direito. A interpretação dos resultados fornece informação sobre as localizações no campo e os batimentos, relacionados com a sua maior e menor eficiência (AU)

Hidden patterns of play interaction in soccer using SOF-CODER.

Traditional methods for quantifying sport performances are limited in their capacity to describe the complex interactions of events that occur within a performance over time. The following article outlines a new approach to the study of actions between players in team sports--mainly, soccer. Since the observational design is nomothetic, point, and multidimensional, an observational and data-collecting instrument has been developed. The instrument is mixed and combines a field format with a category system for game events, as well as an ad hoc instrument that considers the game actions of one or both teams, each recorded according to the same criteria. The article also outlines a new approach to the analysis of time-based event records--in this case, sports performance--known as T-pattern detection. The relevant elements of the T-pattern detection process are explained, and exemplar data from analyses of soccer matches are presented to highlight the potential of this form of data analysis. The results suggest that it is possible to identify new kinds of profiles for both individuals and teams on the basis of observational criteria and a further analysis of temporal behavioral patterns detected within the performances.

Fiabilidad entre observadores con datos categóricos mediante el Anova / Reliability among observers when the data are categorical

El estudio de la conducta humana requiere, en la mayoría de los casos, instrumentos creados para la situación objeto de estudio (ad hoc). Una característica importante que deben cumplir estos instrumentos es tener alta fiabilidad. En la Metodología Observacional para estudiar la fiabilidad del observador se debe asumir que cada medida se divide en dos partes: una parte conocida o verdadera, y una parte desconocida o error. Cuando los datos son cuantitativos las pruebas sobre los sesgos entre observadores y las medidas de acuerdos entre ellos, se obtienen a partir del modelo ANOVA mixto estándar o a través de los modelos aleatorios. En estos casos la correlación intraclase es el índice de fiabilidad más utilizado. Por ejemplo cuando tenemos varios observadores y se quiere conocer su fiabilidad, generalmente se utiliza el coeficiente intraclase de Berck (1979), que detecta la concordancia y el error sistemático de unos observadores respecto a otros (ρ2). Existen numerosas versiones de la correlación intraclase, y para cada situación específica hay una forma apropiada, aunque conceptualmente todas se centran en el estudio de la fiabilidad. Cuando los datos son categóricos, o cuando la variable de respuesta se clasifica de acuerdo con una escala nominal o multinomial, una medida de acuerdo entre observadores, similar a la correlación intraclase, es el índice kappa de Cohen (1960). La presente comunicación plantea el estudio de la fiabilidad entre observadores mediante el índice de Kappa con el procedimiento del ANOVA. Si se verifica que no existe sesgo, la aplicación de un ANOVA unidimensional es suficiente para la estimación del coeficiente. Si, por el contrario, existiese sesgo entre los observadores, se deberán considerar como alternativas el ANOVA bidimensional de efectos aleatorios, o el modelo mixto de dos dimensiones (AU)

The study of the human behavior requires, in most of the cases, instruments created for the situation study object (ad hoc). In the Observational Methodology, to study the observer’s reliability it should be assumed that each measure is divided in two parts: a well-known or true part, and an unknown part or error. When the data are quantitative the tests on the biases between observers and the measures of agreements among them, are obtained starting from the pattern standard mixed ANOVA or through the aleatory models. In these cases the correlation intra is the used index of reliability. When the data are categorical, or when the answer variable is classified of agreement with a nominal scale or multinomial, an agreement measure among observers, similar to the correlation intra, it is the index Kappa of Cohen (1960). The present communication outlines the study of the reliability among observers by means of the index Kappa with the procedure of the ANOVA. If it is verified that bias, the application of an ANOVA unidimensional doesn’t exist it is enough for the estimate of the coefficient. If, on the contrary, exists bias among the observers, they will be considered as alternative the two-dimensional ANOVA of aleatory effects, or the mixed pattern of two dimensions (AU)

Aplicación de un diseño mixto en la evaluación de la interacción comunicativa en un Centro de Acogida / No disponible

Se plantea en este trabajo un diseño evaluativo de baja intervención, al tratarse de un programa institucional en el que se estudian conductas espontáneas producidas en un contexto natural. La interacción comunicativa entre educador y bebé en un Centro de Acogida es evaluada mediante un diseño mixto que implica respuestas de juego en el bebé y en el educador, en un tipo de actividad interactiva previamente establecida. Desde el punto de vista de la evaluación de programas de baja intervención, la utilización de la Metodología Observacional se presenta como una opción acertada en el caso que nos ocupa. La evaluación de la interacción comunicativa tiene un estudio complejo a través de la Metodología Observacional aunque también es cierto que las posibilidades que ofrece son las mejores para este tipo de situaciones. Una característica a tener en cuenta es el tipo de datos que se obtienen, cuando se utiliza esta metodología, que por estructura y sistema representacionales utilizados, generalmente, son categóricos. Desde un punto de vista histórico, el análisis de datos categóricos se halla vinculado a los índices o medidas sumarias de asociación y al debate entre dos grandes estadísticos: Pearson y Yule. Pearson (1904, 1913), consideraba que las distribuciones bivariables continuas subyacían a las tablas de clasificación cruzada y que la asociación podría describirse de forma aproximada mediante una medida como la correlación propia de las variables continuas. Una de las medidas que propuso fue la correlación tetracórica y el coeficiente de contingencia. En este trabajo se pretende evaluar aspectos de esta interacción comunicativa, a través de un diseño mixto, con la intención de obtener una información más completa analizada desde las diferentes perspectivas y a través de diferentes medidas (AU)

Application of a mixed design in the evaluation of talkative interaction. The interaction between a baby and his educator was studied using a mixed research design. The investigation took place in a natural context, within the framework of a Center of Welcome. The observational methodology offers important possibilities in order to analyze this type of data. From the historical point of view the analysis of categorical data is associated to the statistical debate between Pearson and Yule. Pearson considered that the bivariate continuous distributions underline the tables of cross classification, and the associations could be described by means of correlations, as it is the case for continuous variables. One of the measures proposed was the tetracoric correlation and the contingency coefficient. In this research mixed design was used in order to obtain a more complete information (AU)