Reduced hands-off-time and time to first shock in CPR according to the ERC Guidelines 2005.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chest compressions and early defibrillation are crucial in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The Guidelines 2005 brought major changes to the basic life support and automated external defibrillator (BLS-AED) algorithm. We compared the European Resuscitation Council's Guidelines 2000 (group '00) and 2005 (group '05) on hands-off-time (HOT) and time to first shock (TTFS) in an experimental model. METHODS: In a randomised, cross-over design, volunteers were assessed in performing BLS-AED over a period of 5min on a manikin in a simulated ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest situation. Ten minutes of standardised teaching and 10min of training including corrective feedback were allocated for each of the guidelines before evaluation. HOT was chosen as the primary and TTFS as the secondary outcome parameter. RESULTS: Forty participants were enrolled; one participant dropped out after group allocation. During the 5-min evaluation period of adult BLS-AED, HOT was significantly (p<0.001) longer in group '00 [273+/-3s (mean+/-standard error)] than in group '05 (188+/-3s). The TTFS was significantly (p<0.001) longer in group '00 (91+/-3s) than in group '05 (71+/-3s). CONCLUSION: In this manikin setting, HOT and TTFS improved with BLS-AED performed according to Guidelines 2005.

Transport with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation may not be futile.

BACKGROUND: Despite it being generally regarded as futile, patients are regularly brought to the emergency department with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: Long-term outcome and its predictors in patients who were transported during ongoing CPR were evaluated in an observational study. Adult patients with non-traumatic cardiac arrest admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine of a tertiary-care facility after transport with ongoing chest compression were retrospectively analysed. Multivariate analysis of epidemiological variables, treatment, blood gas values on admission, cause of arrest, and location of arrest was performed to find factors that were predictive for favourable long-term outcome (6-month survival, best cerebral performance category 1 or 2). RESULTS: Over 15 yr (1991-2006), a total of 2643 patients were treated after cardiac arrest. Of these, 327 patients received chest compressions during transport and were analysed (out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: n=244, in-hospital: n=83; the remaining 2316 patients were either stabilized before transport or suffered their arrest in our department). Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 31% of patients (n=102). Of these, 19 (19%) had favourable long-term outcome (6% of total). Independent predictors of good outcome were age, witnessed arrest, amount of epinephrine, and initial shockable rhythm. Among the patients with cardiac origin of arrest, 11 out of 197 patients (6%) survived; pulmonary origin, 4 out of 46 patients (9%); hypothermic arrest, 1 of 10 patients (10%); and intoxications, one out of nine patients (11%). CONCLUSIONS: Post-resuscitation care in patients who receive CPR during transport is not futile. Once restoration of spontaneous circulation is established, one out of five patients will have good long-term outcome.

Taxonomic and diagnostic markers for identification of Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii.

The ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of the two recognized species of Coccidioides were studied using a reference set of strains that had been previously identified with species defining microsatellite polymorphisms. Unambiguous identification of the two species proved to be possible by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region. PCR-reactions are sensitive to amplification conditions requiring their careful optimization. Stable amplification and sequencing was achieved with primers ITS3 and 4, enabling species diagnosis. Alternatively, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of the entire ITS region using an annealing temperature of 52 degrees C with the restriction enzymes BsrI and XcmI can also distinguish the species. Three strains typifying the species, Glenospora meteuropaea, G. metamericana and Geotrichum louisianoideum, were analyzed and found to be conspecific with C. posadasii. Although these species have nomenclatural priority over C. posadasii, the latter will be proposed for conservation as it has been included in the US select agent list. In addition, Coccidioides immitis is neotypified in this report. Results of antifungal susceptibility testing did not reveal differences between the two species.

Practical impact of the European Resuscitation Council's BLS algorithm 2005.

BACKGROUND: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines 2005 have brought major changes in the BLS algorithm. The aim of our investigation was to look for the practical impact of these modifications. METHODS: In a randomized cross-over design we evaluated how adults would adhere to the BLS algorithm of the ERC guidelines 2000 (group A) compared to the guidelines 2005 (group B). The secondary endpoint was to determine the amount of time that elapsed before the start of the chest compressions in the two different groups. Participants were recruited from the streets and an office building of the Austrian Red Cross and were randomized to commence either with A or B. The volunteers were taught the allocated BLS sequence according to their group placement, and before evaluation each of the two groups was given the opportunity to train until they felt confident in using the algorithm. Performance during evaluation was documented automatically with a recording resuscitation manikin (Resusci-Anne, Skill Reporter). RESULTS: Sixty people were included in the study, one individual dropped out after randomisation. In group A 9/59 (15.25%) participants followed the algorithm correctly versus 24/59 (40.68%) in group B (p=0.006). The time to start of chest compressions was significantly shorter in group B (21.31+/-7.11s), compared to group A (36.68+/-11.75s, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared to the 2000 BLS algorithm, the 2005 BLS sequence seems to be easier to learn and to retain, though nearly 60% of participants did not follow the new algorithm correctly. As expected, there was a significantly shorter time elapsing before the start of chest compressions when applying the 2005 algorithm. These findings should translate to better survival after cardiac arrest.

Compromising bradycardia: management in the emergency department.

AIM OF THE STUDY: Bradycardia may represent a serious emergency. The need for temporary and permanent pacing is unknown. METHODS: We analysed a registry for the incidence, symptoms, presenting rhythm, underlying mechanism, management and outcome of patients presenting with compromising bradycardia to the emergency department of a university hospital retrospectively during a 10-year period. RESULTS: We identified 277 patients, 173 male (62%), median age 68 (IQR 58-78), median ventricular rate 33 min(-1) (IQR 30-40). The leading symptoms were syncope [94 (33%)], dizziness [61 (22%)], collapse [46 (17%)], angina [46 (17%)] and dyspnoea/heart failure [30 (11%)]. The initial ECG showed high grade AV block [134 (48%)], sinus bradycardia/AV block [46 (17%)], sinuatrial arrest [42 (15%)], bradycardic atrial fibrillation [39 (14%)] and pacemaker-failure [16 (6%)]. The underlying mechanisms were primary disturbance of cardiac automaticity and/or conduction [135 (49%)], adverse drug effect [58 (21%)], acute myocardial infarction [40 (14%)], pacemaker failure [16 (6%)], intoxication [16 (6%)] and electrolyte disorder [12 patients (4%)]. In 107 (39%) patients bed rest resolved the symptoms. Intravenous drugs to increase ventricular rate were given to 170 (61%) patients, 54 (20%) required additional temporary transvenous/transcutaneous pacing. Two severely intoxicated patients could be stabilised only by cardiopulmonary bypass. A permanent pacemaker was implanted in 137 patients (50%). Mortality was 5% at 30 days. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, about 20% of the patients presenting with compromising bradycardia required temporary emergency pacing for initial stabilisation, in 50% permanent pacing had to be established.

Follow-up of epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with special focus on the characterization of clinical isolates.

The present survey in Austria, Germany and Switzerland continued the survey of cryptococcosis set up by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) in 1997. From 2000 to 2003 77 cases have been reported. An HIV infection is still the most important risk factor (68%). Young HIV+ women from ASIA contributed to the increase of cryptococcosis in females. A total of 129 clinical isolates of both surveys were genotyped by PCR fingerprinting to study the prevalence of different genotypes. The prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) with the genotypes VNA1 and VNA2 was higher in Germany and Austria (74.5%) than in Switzerland (52%), while in Switzerland the Cr. neoformans hybrids AD (26%) and Cr. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) (22%) were more prevalent compared with Germany and Austria (8 and 17.5% respectively). Cryptococcus gattii isolates were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. DNA in the ITS region was sequenced to get further information about Cr. neoformans serotype AD strains and about the geographical origin of the Cr. gattii isolates. The ITS sequence of the serotype AD isolates of the genotypes VNAD1, VNAD2 and VNAD4 is usually identical to serotype A or serotype D respectively. In the three isolates of the genotype VNAD3 a genotype-specific sequence pattern was detected. Two autochthonous infections due to Cr. gattii could indicate that the genotype VGIV with the ITS type 'Asia 2' might be endemic in Europe.

Vasopressors for shock.

BACKGROUND: Besides reversing the underlying cause, the first line treatment for the symptoms of shock is usually the administration of intravenous fluids. If this method is not successful, vasopressors such as dopamine, dobutamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and vasopressin are recommended. It is unclear if there is a vasopressor of choice, either for the treatment of particular forms of shock or for the treatment of shock in general. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of vasopressors for circulatory shock in critically ill patients. Our main aim was to assess whether particular vasopressors reduce overall mortality. We also intended to identify whether the choice of vasopressor influences outcomes such as length-of-stay in the intensive care unit and health-related quality of life. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PASCAL BioMed, CINAHL, BIOSIS, and PsychINFO:all from inception to November 2003; for randomized controlled trials. We also asked experts in the field and searched meta-registries for ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials comparing various vasopressors, vasopressors with placebo or vasopressors with intravenous fluids for the treatment of any kind of circulatory failure (shock). Mortality was the main outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers abstracted data independently. Disagreement between two reviewers was discussed and resolved with a third reviewer. We used random effects models for combining quantitative data. MAIN RESULTS: We identified eight randomized controlled trials. Reporting of methodological details was for many items not satisfactory: only two studies reported allocation concealment, and two that the outcome assessor was blind to the intervention. Two studies compared norepinephrine plus dobutamine with epinephrine alone in patients with septic shock (52 patients, relative risk of death 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 1.67). Three studies compared norepinephrine with dopamine in patients with septic shock (62 patients, relative risk 0.88, 0.57 to 1.36). Two studies compared vasopressin with placebo in patients with septic shock (58 patients, relative risk 1.04, 0.06 to 19.33). One study compared terlipressin with norepinephrine in patients with refractory hypotension after general anaesthesia but there were no deaths (20 patients). REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: The current available evidence is not suited to inform clinical practice. We were unable to determine whether a particular vasopressor is superior to other agents in the treatment of states of shock.

Cardiac arrest patients in an alpine area during a six year period.

OBJECTIVE: The components of the 'chain of survival' remain the strongest pathway to save more people from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The 'Utstein Style' terminology has been applied to this study to evaluate survival in patients cared for by Emergency Medical Technicians--Defibrillation (EMT-D) and physicians in a rural alpine area. METHODS: Over a 6-year period in a descriptive observational study with prospective data collection special efforts were made to identify weaknesses in the 'links' of our emergency cardiac care system considering the special geographical and legal aspects. Data from all emergency calls dispatched by the ambulance centre for patients with cardiac arrest were collected and are presented as a median and interquartile range. RESULTS: We recorded 368 cardiac arrests and in 338 patients resuscitation was attempted. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was observed in 118 patients (35%), of whom 13 (4%) were defibrillated by EMT-Ds and 105 (31%) by physicians. Response times were 1 (0,2) min to call, 8 (6-11) min to arrival of first tier and 16 (10-26) min to defibrillation. Restoration of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 54 (46%) VF-patients. In EMT-D vs. physician treated VF-patients 1 year survival was 1 (8%) versus 20 (19%). CONCLUSION: With the exception of publications on avalanche victims and mountaineers, there are no reports of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in alpine areas. Response intervals and survival rate are not as poor as might be expected and are similar to metropolitan areas.

Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.

This review discusses the mechanisms of neurologic damage during and after global cerebral ischemia caused by cardiac arrest. The different pathways of membrane destruction by radicals, free fatty acids, excitatory amino acids (neurotransmitters), calcium, glucose metabolism, and oxygen availability and demand in relation to metabolic rate are briefly discussed. The main focus of this review paper, however, lies in therapeutic (resuscitative) hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Two pioneering studies of the 1950s and four recent publications (in part preliminary results of ongoing studies) in humans are discussed in detail. The conclusions are as follows: (1) hypothermia holds promise as the only specific brain therapy after cardiac arrest so far; (2) hyperthermia is not tolerable after successful resuscitation; and (3) if the ongoing European multicenter trial of hypothermia after cardiac arrest finds a significant benefit to mild hypothermia, withholding hypothermia may be ethically hard to defend.

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin during continuous veno-venous haemofiltration in critically ill patients.

The present study was performed to analyse the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin during continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) with a high-flux polyamide membrane. Twelve patients received 500 mg levofloxacin intravenously. The mean levofloxacin concentration peak was 1.9 +/- 1.0 mg/L. The elimination half-life, haemofiltration clearance and total removal were 8.3 +/- 2.6 h, 27.6 +/- 8.4 mL/min and 56 +/- 19%, respectively. Further multiple-dose studies are required to enable dosage recommendations to be made for patients receiving renal replacement therapy with CVVH.

Comparison of prone positioning and continuous rotation of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome: results of a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prone positioning and continuous rotational therapy with respect to oxygenation and hemodynamics in patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). DESIGN: Randomized, prospective pilot study. SETTING: Intensive care unit at a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS from nontraumatic causes. INTERVENTIONS: Twelve patients were turned prone (group 1), 14 patients underwent continuous axial rotation from one lateral position to the other with a maximum angle of 124 degrees in specially designed beds (group 2). All patients had received inhaled nitric oxide (NO) therapy before positioning. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Gas exchange and hemodynamics were assessed using a pulmonary artery catheter. In both groups, an improvement in PaO2/RFIO2-ratio and intrapulmonary shunt fraction occurred after initiation of NO as well as during the first 72 hrs of positioning therapy. During the study period, seven patients died in group 1 and nine patients in group 2 (p = NS). Comparing the areas under the curve during the first 72 hrs, no significant differences with respect to PaO2/FIO2-ratio, PaCO2, positive end-expiratory and peak inspiratory pressure levels, intrapulmonary shunt fraction, the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, and oxygen delivery and consumption, as well as cardiac index, pulmonary and arterial blood pressures, and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure could be detected between the groups. Prone positioning was tolerated well, continuous rotational therapy had to be modified according to hemodynamic instability in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: In severe lung injury, continuous rotational therapy seems to exert effects comparable to prone positioning and could serve as alternative when prone positioning seems inadvisable.

Prostaglandin E(1) does not influence plasmatic coagulation, hepatic synthesis, or postoperative blood loss in patients after coronary-artery bypass grafting.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess whether postoperatively administered prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) might prevent bleeding in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: 49 patients scheduled for elective CABG surgery. INTERVENTIONS: The PGE1 group received intravenous PGE(1) up to 15 ng/kg/min for 72 hours after surgery, whereas the placebo group received isotonic saline for the same time period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Nine patients (4 in the PGE1 group vs. 5 in the placebo group) had to be excluded because of hemodynamic instability, and 1 in the placebo group because of gastric bleeding. In the remaining 39 patients (20 vs. 19), no significant differences with regard to hemoglobin levels or platelet count could be observed. There was no significant difference between the groups concerning the amount of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrates, or fresh frozen plasma transfused. No significant differences could be observed regarding laboratory markers of coagulation activation or hepatic synthesis either. CONCLUSIONS: PGE1 did not prevent coagulation disturbances and blood loss when administered postoperatively in patients undergoing CABG. The absence of these expected effects might be explained by the concomitant administration of acetylsalicylic acid, whose antiaggregatory acivity seems to exceed the effects of PGE1.

Inadvertent transpericardial insertion of a central venous line with cardiac tamponade failure of preventive practices.

A 56-year-old man who had undergone cardiac surgery suffered from cardiac tamponade after administration of contrast-medium through a central venous catheter. Pericardiotomy showed the catheter transversing the pericardial sac just beneath an unusual high reflection and then reentering the superior vena cava. Preventive practices including chest radiography, confirming free venous blood return and manometry may fail to detect catheter malposition in rare cases. Knowledge of potential pitfalls in using generally recommended safety practices and continuous vigilance are essential for the anesthesiologist and intensivist in avoiding potentially lethal hazards.

Experiences with severe P. falciparum malaria in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical profiles and therapies instituted for patients with severe malaria admitted to an ICU. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Internal ICU of a tertiary care centre. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Between January, 1992, and February, 1999, 104 patients with malaria were admitted to the General Hospital of Vienna. Sixty-nine patients suffered from Plasmodium falciparum malaria (66%), seven of these were admitted to the ICU. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: Seven patients were admitted to the ICU, of whom three died (4% in hospital case-fatality rate). Four patients required mechanical ventilation because of respiratory insufficiency and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), of whom three died. Three patients were treated with inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and kinetic therapy; one patient required extracorporeal veno-venous oxygenation. All patients who died required haemofiltration because of acute renal failure. CONCLUSION: As P. falciparum is a potentially life-threatening disease, reliable criteria for ICU admission should be defined and risk factors identified. Early ICU monitoring should be attempted, especially under the following conditions: (1) lack of clinical response to anti-malarial treatment within 48 h and/or (2) any signs of neurological disturbance (hypoglycaemia excluded). Prospective multicentre trials and guidelines for supportive intensive care are urgently needed.

Safe and efficient emergency transvenous ventricular pacing via the right supraclavicular route.

UNLABELLED: Infraclavicular and internal jugular central venous access are techniques commonly used for temporary transvenous pacing. However, the procedure still has a considerable complication rate, with a high risk/benefit ratio because of insertion difficulties and pacemaker malfunction. To enlarge the spectrum of alternative access sites, we prospectively evaluated the right supraclavicular route to the subclavian/innominate vein for emergency ventricular pacing with a transvenous flow-directed pacemaker as a bedside procedure. For 19 mo, 17 consecutive patients with symptomatic bradycardia, cardiac arrest, or torsade de pointes requiring immediate bedside transvenous pacing were enrolled in the study. The success rate, insertional complications, pacemaker performance, and patients' outcomes were recorded. Supraclavicular venipuncture was successful in all patients, in 16 of 17 at the first attempt. Adequate ventricular pacing was achieved within 1 to 5 min (median, 2 min) after venipuncture and within 10 s to 4 min (median, 30 s) after lead insertion (

[Glomus caroticum chemodectoma. Review on current diagnosis and therapy]. / Glomus caroticum--Chemodectom. Ubersicht über die aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie.

Carotid body tumors are rare neoplasms arising from the small chemoreceptor organ in the adventitia of the common carotid bifurcation. Patients with carotid body tumours usually present with a gradually enlarging non-tender anterolateral neck mass. Differential diagnosis includes metastatic lymph nodes, carotid artery aneurysm, salivary gland tumour, branchial cleft cyst, and neurogenic or thyroid tumours. When such a lesion is suspected, a non-invasive Doppler colour flow ultrasonography enables the clinician to arrive at a definite diagnosis. Subsequent arteriography is mandatory, because the finding of an intensely blushing hypervascular mass spreading into the carotid bifurcation further supports the diagnosis and provides accurate preoperative information concerning arterial blood supply. Computed tomography scanning is appropriate to delineate the relation of the tumour to adherent structures, while magnetic resonance tomography demonstrates the relation of the tumour to the adjacent internal jugular vein and the carotid artery. Selective embolization should be performed for safe surgical removal with less bleeding. Early surgery is the treatment of choice and is recommended in order to minimize major risks. Subadventitial resection is the most established technique. Radical resection prevents local recurrence and has the best long-term results. Removal of the internal or common carotid arteries can become mandatory in selected cases of extensive disease. Surgical treatment by an experienced team is associated with considerably low mortality and morbidity.

Comparison of conventional surgical versus Seldinger technique emergency cricothyrotomy performed by inexperienced clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Cricothyrotomy is the ultimate option for a patient with a life-threatening airway problem. METHODS: The authors compared the first-time performance of surgical (group 1) versus Seldinger technique (group 2) cricothyrotomy in cadavers. Intensive care unit physicians (n = 20) performed each procedure on two adult human cadavers. Methods were compared with regard to ease of use and anatomy of the neck of the cadaver. Times to location of the cricothyroid membrane, to tracheal puncture, and to the first ventilation were recorded. Each participant was allowed only one attempt per procedure. A pathologist dissected the neck of each patient and assessed correctness of position of the tube and any injury inflicted. Subjective assessment of technique and cadaver on a visual analog scale from 1 (easiest) to 5 (worst) was conducted by the performer. RESULTS: Age, height, and weight of the cadavers were not different. Subjective assessment of both methods (2.2 in group 1 vs. 2.4 in group 2) and anatomy of the cadavers (2.2 in group 1 vs. 2.4 in group 2) showed no statistically significant difference between both groups. Tracheal placement of the tube was achieved in 70% (n = 14) in group 1 versus 60% (n = 12) in group 2 (P value not significant). Five attempts in group 2 had to be aborted because of kinking of the guide wire. Time intervals (mean +/- SD) were from start to location of the cricothyroid membrane 7 +/- 9 s (group 1) versus 8 +/- 7s (group 2), to tracheal puncture 46 +/- 37s (group 1) versus 30 +/- 28s (group 2), and to first ventilation 102 +/- 42s (group 1) versus 100 +/- 46s (group 2) (P value not significant). CONCLUSIONS: The two methods showed equally poor performance.

Decrease of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells During interleukin-2 treatment is associated with an increase of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, a critical molecule for progenitor cell adhesion.

Administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to cancer patients has been shown to transiently decrease the number of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. Recently, the interaction of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) with leukocyte very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the adhesion of progenitor cells to bone marrow stromal elements. Cytokine induced upregulation of VCAM-1 leads to increased binding of progenitor cells to stromal cells in vitro, and inhibition of this interaction by monoclonal antibodies is associated with marked progenitor cell mobilisation in vivo. In the present study we serially determined peripheral blood progenitor cell numbers during IL-2 treatment (10 courses) in 6 cancer patients and determined in parallel levels of soluble VCAM-1 as a surrogate marker for the in vivo activation of this molecule. Our data indicate that continuous intravenous administration of IL-2 for 5 days leads to a marked decrease of circulating progenitor cells associated with a substantial increase of circulating VCAM-1. Circulating myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM) dropped from a mean value of 167 +/- 187 / ml pre IL-2 to 16 +/- 15 / ml on day 3 (p < 0.01). Similarily, mean erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) decreased from 282 +/- 204 / ml before IL-2 administration to 86 +/- 61 / ml on day 3 (p < 0.005). In contrast, soluble VCAM-1 rose from a mean value of 1814 +/- 451 ng/ml before to 4607 +/- 736 ng/ml at the end of IL-2 therapy (p < 0.0001). Sera from IL-2 treated patients did not inhibit hematopoietic colony formation from normal bone marrow. These results suggest redistribution and increased adhesion of progenitor cells to stromal and/or endothelial elements during IL-2 via the VCAM-1/VLA-4 interaction as a possible mechanism for the decrease of circulating progenitor cells during IL-2 therapy.