ABSTRACT
Based on the N-redox mechanism, a turn-on near-infrared fluorescence probe (SWJT-15) with cyano isophorone as skeleton was designed and synthesized for the detection of ferrous ions (Fe2+). The probe has a lower detection limit (83 nM) and fast response (200 s) to Fe2+ ions. And the probe has unique selectivity and good anti-interference performance against Fe2+ ions compared to other metal ions. Moreover, the probe has been successfully applied to imaging Fe2+ ions in HeLa cells.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the correlation between serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) level and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at different CKD stages in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: All subjects were hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical history collection, physical examinations, and blood and urine samples testing were performed. Stages of CKD (G1-5) were defined by eGFR, groups of persistent albuminuria (normal, microalbuminuria and massive albuminuria) were divided by UACR, and categories of CKD progression risks (low, moderate and high or very high risk) were recommended by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Serum OPG level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the central laboratory. Results: Four hundred and eighty-four patients were included in the study. The average level of OPG of all subjects was 941.30 (547.53-1332.62) pg/mL. The levels of OPG decreased gradually with the aggravation of albuminuria (P = 0.007, P for trend=0.003) and CKD progression (P = 0.001, P for trend=0.001). No differences were found between OPG levels and stages of CKD (P = 0.31). After the adjustment, each 100 pg/mL increase in OPG levels could reduce the risk of massive albuminuria (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.99, P = 0.02) and the high or very high risk of CKD progression (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99, P = 0.04) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. No correlations were found between OPG and stages of CKD. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, elevated serum osteoprotegerin is associated with albuminuria and the risk of CKD progression, and may delay the progression of CKD.
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OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. METHODS: A total of 452 patients with type 2 diabetes were included, and a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were used to diagnose persistent albuminuria and stage chronic kidney disease, respectively. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guideline was used to describe the risk of DKD progression (low, moderate, and high or very high risks). RESULTS: The DKD group had higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) than the non-DKD group. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the DKD group was significantly higher than in the non-DKD group, especially the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. FT3 levels decreased gradually with the deterioration of DKD. TSH levels increased with an increasing KDIGO category. FT3 and FT4 levels were negatively correlated with serum creatinine levels and ACR, and positively correlated with eGFR. Contrastingly, TSH was positively correlated with ACR, and negatively correlated with eGFR. After adjustment, an increase in FT3 levels significantly reduced the risk of DKD [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI)=0.58 (0.42-0.79)] and DKD progression [ORs (95% CIs)=0.65 (0.45-0.93) for the moderate risk group and 0.50 (0.33-0.74) for the high or very high-risk group, using the low-risk group as a reference]. FT3 levels below 4.30 pmol/L in men and 3.99 pmol/L in women were the cut-off points for an increased risk of DKD progression. CONCLUSION: Low FT3 level is an independent risk factor for DKD and DKD progression. FT3 ≤4.30 pmol/L in men and ≤3.99 pmol/L in women will greatly increase the risk of kidney disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are both common chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to examine whether some markers of early renal injury were associated with DPN. METHODS: Retrospective hospitalization data from 471 patients with T2DM were analyzed. Subjects were divided into DPN group and non-DPN group according to clinical history, symptoms, signs and nerve conduction study. Markers of glomerular injury [urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)] and tubular injury [urinary N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase/creatinine ratio (NAG/Cr) and urinary ß2 microglobulin (ß2-MG)] were innovatively combined to assess the association with DPN. Staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was classified as G1, G2, G3a, G3b, G4 based on eGFR categories of ≥90, 60-89, 45-59, 30-44, 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2. RESULTS: DPN was detected in 71.1% of our population. Subjects in DPN group suffered from older age, longer duration of diabetes and worse blood glucose control compared with non-DPN group. The levels of UACR, NAG/Cr and ß2-MG were significantly increased in DPN group than those in non-DPN group, while eGFR was decreased. The prevalence of DPN increased gradually in G1, G2 and G3-4 of CKD, which were 66.3%, 73.2% and 82.7% (P = 0.014). After adjusting for confounding factors, NAG/Cr >1.41 U/mmol (the highest tertile) was a consistently independent risk factor for DPN [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI) = 1.86 (1.04-3.33)]. However, UACR, eGFR and ß2-MG did not significantly affect the risk of DPN. CONCLUSION: When T2DM patients suffer from CKD, DPN will be more likely to appear, accelerate or deteriorate. Some easily available urinary markers of glomerular and tubular damage can be used for early prediction of DPN, in which increased NAG/Cr is an independent risk factor for DPN.
