Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 16 de 16
Filter
1.
JMIR Cancer ; 9: e43126, 2023 Apr 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37079361

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cascade screening, defined as helping at-risk relatives get targeted genetic testing of familial variants for dominant hereditary cancer syndromes, is a proven component of cancer prevention; however, its uptake is low. We developed and conducted a pilot study of the ConnectMyVariant intervention, in which participants received support to contact at-risk relatives that extended beyond first-degree relatives and encourage relatives to obtain genetic testing and connect with others having the same variant through email and social media. The support that participants received included listening to participants' needs, assisting with documentary genealogy to find common ancestors, facilitating direct-to-consumer DNA testing and interpretation, and assisting with database searches. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess intervention feasibility, motivations for participating, and engagement among ConnectMyVariant participants and their families. METHODS: We used a mixed methods design including both quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. First, we considered intervention feasibility by characterizing recruitment and retention using multiple recruitment mechanisms, including web-based advertising, dissemination of invitations with positive test results, provider recruitment, snowball sampling, and recruitment through web-based social networks and research studies. Second, we characterized participants' motivations, concerns, and engagement through project documentation of participant engagement in outreach activities and qualitative analysis of participant communications. We used an inductive qualitative data analysis approach to analyze emails, free-text notes, and other communications generated with participants as part of the ConnectMyVariant intervention. RESULTS: We identified 84 prospective participants using different recruitment mechanisms; 57 participants were ultimately enrolled in the study for varying lengths of time. With respect to motivations for engaging in the intervention, participants were most interested in activities relating to genealogy and communication with others who had their specific variants. Although there was a desire to find others with the same variant and prevent cancer, more participants expressed an interest in learning about their genealogy and family health history, with prevention in relatives considered a natural side effect of outreach. Concerns about participation included whether relatives would be open to communication, how to go about it, and whether others with a specific variant would be motivated to help find common ancestors. We observed that ConnectMyVariant participants engaged in 6 primary activities to identify and communicate with at-risk relatives: sharing family history, family member testing, direct-to-consumer genealogy genetic testing analysis, contacting (distant) relatives, documentary genealogy, and expanding variant groups or outreach. Participants who connected with others who had the same variant were more likely to engage with several extended family outreach activities. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that there is an interest in extended family outreach as a mechanism to improve cascade screening for hereditary cancer prevention. Additional research to systematically evaluate the outcomes of such outreach may be challenging but is warranted.

2.
Pathology ; 51(7): 705-710, 2019 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31635948

ABSTRACT

Incorporation of genome and exome sequencing into fetal and neonatal autopsy investigations has been shown to improve diagnostic yield. This requires deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to be extracted from either the placenta or autopsy tissue for molecular testing. However, the sources and quality of DNA obtained are highly variable and there are no adequate published data on what tissue is most ideal to sample for DNA extraction in this setting. Here we compare the quality of DNA extracted from sampling the placenta and various solid organs at fetal and neonatal autopsy, thereby determining the optimal tissue from which to source DNA for ancillary testing as part of the modern perinatal autopsy. A total of 898 tissue samples were obtained at autopsy from 176 fetuses (gestational ages 17-40 weeks) and 44 neonates (age range 0-28 days) at our tertiary institution. Fetal tissue was processed using the QIAsymphony DSP DNA Mini kit and placental tissue was extracted using the New iGENatal Kit. DNA concentration was quantified using the Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit. DNA integrity, as stratified by gel electrophoresis was classified as high (≥5 kb) or low quality (<5 kb). Genome sequencing was performed on the extracted DNA, together with respective parental DNA from blood samples, and confirmed absence of maternal contamination in all cases. Analyses used logistic mixed models to test for associations between tissue types, intrauterine retention times, delivery to autopsy and death to autopsy intervals with DNA quality. In the fetal cohort, the placenta had the highest proportion of high quality DNA samples (93.1%), and liver had the lowest proportion (35.3%). Among the neonates, all tissue samples with the exception of liver had over 88% high DNA quality with the placenta also yielding the highest quality (100%). There was statistically significant deterioration in DNA quality with prolonged time interval between demise and autopsy (≥5 days). In the 726 fetal samples, the odds of obtaining higher quality DNA from the placenta, thymus, and spleen were 70.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 29.2-169.6], 3.6 (95% CI 2.0-6.6) and 3.3 (95% CI 1.8-6.1) times, respectively, more likely than samples from the liver (p values <0.001). DNA yield from other fetal solid organs investigated was not significantly superior to that from the liver. This study shows that, when available, refrigerated unfixed placenta is the most suitable source of high quality DNA during perinatal investigations. Of the solid fetal organs sampled at autopsy, lymphocyte-rich, lytic enzymes-poor organs such as thymus and spleen were significantly more likely to yield good quality DNA than the liver.


Subject(s)
DNA/isolation & purification , Fetus , Genomics , Autopsy , Cohort Studies , DNA/standards , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Liver , Placenta , Pregnancy , Refrigeration , Spleen , Thymus Gland
3.
Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol ; 62(13): 4091-4107, 2018 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29742954

ABSTRACT

The present study applied the Criminal Narrative Experience for the first time with young offenders ( N = 23). The analysis was based on young people serving a community sentence and attending a Youth Offending Team. Participants completed questionnaires relating to their roles and emotions during a typical offence and data were examined with Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) to identify if the themes were replicated. Three themes were identified: Calm Professional, Elated Hero, and a combined theme of Distressed Revenger and Depressed Victim. Correlation indicated links between Narrative Experience and static and dynamic risk factors. Findings suggest that the Calm Professional theme correlates with Neighbourhood risk factors, the Elated Hero with Attitudes to Offending, and the Distressed Revenger/Depressed Victim theme with Living Arrangements and Family and Personal Relationships. Potential reasons for identifying three rather than four themes with this sample are discussed. Implications of findings in preventing reoffending are highlighted.


Subject(s)
Criminal Behavior/physiology , Criminals/psychology , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Narration , Professional-Patient Relations , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Female , Humans , Juvenile Delinquency/rehabilitation , Male
4.
Br J Hosp Med (Lond) ; 75(12): 703-7, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25488534

ABSTRACT

Pain management requires a multimodal approach involving pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. It is important to take a detailed history and examine the patient before prescribing any analgesia. This article focuses on assessment and management of pain in palliative care patients.


Subject(s)
Analgesics/therapeutic use , Pain Management , Pain/diagnosis , Pain/drug therapy , Palliative Care , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Pain/etiology , Pain Measurement
5.
Appl Ergon ; 45(2): 221-33, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23849329

ABSTRACT

Despite increased implementation of computer control systems in managing and regulating rail networks, mechanical signal boxes using lever operation will be in place for years to come. A rolling risk assessment programme identified a number of levers in mechanical signal boxes within the UK rail network which potentially presented unacceptable personal safety risk to signallers. These levers operate both points and signals and the risk is primarily the weights which have to be moved when pulling and pushing the levers. Operating difficulties are often compounded by the design and condition of lever frames, the linkages to the points/signals, maintenance regimes, the workspace and the postures and strategies adopted by signallers. Lever weights were measured as from 15 kg to 180 kg at over 160 boxes, using a specially designed and constructed device. Taken together with examination of injury and sickness absence data, interviews and field observations, and biomechanical computer modelling, the measurement programme confirmed the potential risks. A risk management programme has been implemented, comprising lever weight measurement, training of operations staff, a structured maintenance regime and renewal or redesign for boxes/levers where, after maintenance, a criterion weight level is still exceeded. For a feasible management programme, the first alert (or 1st action) value for further assessment is 55 kg, a second action level requiring specified maintenance is 80-99 kg, and a third action level requiring the lever to be signed out of use is 100 kg.


Subject(s)
Occupational Health , Railroads/instrumentation , Safety Management , Biomechanical Phenomena , Computer Simulation , Female , Humans , Male , Musculoskeletal System/injuries , Posture , Risk Assessment , Sick Leave/statistics & numerical data , United Kingdom , Workload
8.
Nat Biotechnol ; 28(11): 1187-94, 2010 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20967028

ABSTRACT

We report a chemically defined, efficient, scalable and reproducible protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward chondrocytes. HESCs are directed through intermediate developmental stages using substrates of known matrix proteins and chemically defined media supplemented with exogenous growth factors. Gene expression analysis suggests that the hESCs progress through primitive streak or mesendoderm to mesoderm, before differentiating into a chondrocytic culture comprising cell aggregates. At this final stage, 74% (HUES1 cells) and up to 95-97% (HUES7 and HUES8 cells) express the chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9. The cell aggregates also express cell surface CD44 and aggrecan and deposit a sulfated glycosaminoglycan and cartilage-specific collagen II matrix, but show very low or no expression of genes and proteins associated with nontarget cell types. Our protocol should facilitate studies of chondrocyte differentiation and of cell replacement therapies for cartilage repair.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Chondrocytes/cytology , Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology , Animals , Cell Aggregation , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cell Shape , Cells, Cultured , Chondrocytes/metabolism , Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism , Flow Cytometry , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Gene Expression Regulation , Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology , Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism , SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism
9.
J Orthop Res ; 28(6): 834-40, 2010 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20058274

ABSTRACT

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are a potential source of cells for the repair of articular cartilage defects. Hypoxia has been shown to improve chondrogenesis in some cells. In this study, bone marrow-derived stem cells were characterized and the effects of hypoxia on chondrogenesis investigated. Adherent bone marrow colony-forming cells were characterized for stem cell surface epitopes, and then cultured as cell aggregates in chondrogenic medium under normoxic (20% oxygen) or hypoxic (5% oxygen) conditions. The cells stained strongly for markers of adult mesenchymal stem cells, and a high number of cells were also positive for the pericyte marker 3G5. The cells showed a chondrogenic response in cell aggregate cultures and, in lowered oxygen, there was increased matrix accumulation of proteoglycan, but less cell proliferation. In hypoxia, there was increased expression of key transcription factor SOX6, and of collagens II and XI, and aggrecan. Pericytes are a candidate stem cell in many tissue, and our results show that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells express the pericyte marker 3G5. The response to chondrogenic culture in these cells was enhanced by lowered oxygen tension. This has important implications for tissue engineering applications of bone marrow-derived stem cells.


Subject(s)
Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Chondrogenesis , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , Pericytes/cytology , Adolescent , Adult , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/analysis , Biomarkers , Cell Hypoxia , Cells, Cultured , Epitopes , Humans , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/analysis , Immunohistochemistry , Phenazines/analysis
10.
Appl Ergon ; 41(3): 393-402, 2010 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19815183

ABSTRACT

This paper is concerned with the interpretation and assessment of mental workload, and in particular assessment of the load imposed by the work system. It highlights a framework created to direct the development of workload assessment tools capable of assessing the dimensions most relevant to the population being studied, in our case railway signallers. A tool to capture the operational demands on the rail signaller was required to evaluate the load from the system they operated. This paper justifies the need for, and describes the development of, the Operational Demand Evaluation Checklist (ODEC), using techniques like repertory grid with active signallers. The practical experience of the development, evaluation, live use and validation of ODEC is discussed and the paper concludes by suggesting that the approach could be adopted to interpret the concept of workload in other work domains.


Subject(s)
Checklist , Railroads , Workload/psychology , Humans , Occupational Exposure , Occupational Health , United Kingdom , Validation Studies as Topic
11.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol ; 297(4): C898-906, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19657054

ABSTRACT

The transcription factor SOX9 regulates cartilage extracellular matrix gene expression and is essential for chondrocyte differentiation. We previously showed that activation of p38 MAPK by cycloheximide in human chondrocytes leads to stabilization of SOX9 mRNA (Tew SR and Hardingham TE. J Biol Chem 281: 39471-39479, 2006). In this study we investigated whether regulation of p38 MAPK caused by changes in osmotic pressure could control SOX9 mRNA levels expression by a similar mechanism. Primary human articular chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic cartilage at passage 2-4 showed significantly raised SOX9 mRNA levels when exposed to hyperosmotic conditions for 5 h. The effect was strongest and most reproducible when actin stress fibers were disrupted by the Rho effector kinase inhibitor Y27632, or by culturing the cells within alginate beads. Freshly isolated chondrocytes, used within 24-48 h of isolation, did not contain actin stress fibers and upregulated SOX9 mRNA in response to hyperosmolarity in the presence and absence of Y27632. In these freshly isolated chondrocytes, hyperosmolarity led to an increase in the half-life of SOX9 mRNA, which was sensitive to the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190. SOX9 protein levels were increased by hyperosmotic culture over 24 h, and, in passaged chondrocytes, the activity of a COL2A1 enhancer driven luciferase assay was upregulated. However, in freshly isolated chondrocytes, COL2A1 mRNA levels were reduced by hyperosmotic conditions and the half-life was decreased. The results showed that the osmotic environment regulated both SOX9 and COL2A1 mRNA posttranscriptionally, but in fresh cells resulted in increased SOX9, but decreased COL2A1.


Subject(s)
Chondrocytes/physiology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , SOX9 Transcription Factor/metabolism , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Actins/metabolism , Cartilage, Articular/cytology , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type II/metabolism , Humans , Osmolar Concentration , RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional , RNA Stability , SOX9 Transcription Factor/genetics
12.
Development ; 136(6): 1019-27, 2009 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19211680

ABSTRACT

Cell-matrix adhesion is essential for the development and tissue-specific functions of epithelia. For example, in the mammary gland, beta1-integrin is necessary for the normal development of alveoli and for the activation of endocrine signalling pathways that determine cellular differentiation. However, the adhesion complex proteins linking integrins with downstream effectors of hormonal signalling pathways are not known. To understand the mechanisms involved in connecting adhesion with this aspect of cell phenotype, we examined the involvement of two proximal beta1-integrin signalling intermediates, integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). By employing genetic analysis using the Cre-LoxP system, we provide evidence that ILK, but not FAK, has a key role in lactogenesis in vivo and in the differentiation of cultured luminal epithelial cells. Conditional deletion of ILK both in vivo and in primary cell cultures resulted in defective differentiation, by preventing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT5, a transcription factor required for lactation. Expression of an activated RAC (RAS-related C3 botulinum substrate) in ILK-null acini restored the lactation defect, indicating that RAC1 provides a mechanistic link between the integrin/ILK adhesion complex and the differentiation pathway. Thus, we have determined that ILK is an essential downstream component of integrin signalling involved in differentiation, and have identified a high degree of specificity within the integrin-based adhesome that links cell-matrix interactions with the tissue-specific function of epithelia.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation , Epithelial Cells/cytology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Integrins/metabolism , Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology , Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Animals , Female , Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development , Mice , Milk Proteins/biosynthesis , Pregnancy , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
13.
J Cell Biol ; 171(4): 717-28, 2005 Nov 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16301336

ABSTRACT

Integrin-mediated adhesion regulates the development and function of a range of tissues; however, little is known about its role in glandular epithelium. To assess the contribution of beta1 integrin, we conditionally deleted its gene in luminal epithelia during different stages of mouse mammary gland development and in cultured primary mammary epithelia. Loss of beta1 integrin in vivo resulted in impaired alveologenesis and lactation. Cultured beta1 integrin-null cells displayed abnormal focal adhesion function and signal transduction and could not form or maintain polarized acini. In vivo, epithelial cells became detached from the extracellular matrix but remained associated with each other and did not undergo overt apoptosis. beta1 integrin-null mammary epithelial cells did not differentiate in response to prolactin stimulation because of defective Stat5 activation. In mice where beta1 integrin was deleted after the initiation of differentiation, fewer defects in alveolar morphology occurred, yet major deficiencies were also observed in milk protein and milk fat production and Stat5 activation, indicating a permissive role for beta1 integrins in prolactin signaling. This study demonstrates that beta1 integrin is critical for the alveolar morphogenesis of a glandular epithelium and for maintenance of its differentiated function. Moreover, it provides genetic evidence for the cooperation between integrin and cytokine signaling pathways.


Subject(s)
Epithelial Cells/cytology , Epithelium/metabolism , Integrin beta1/genetics , Integrin beta1/physiology , Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cell Adhesion , Cell Differentiation , Cells, Cultured , Crosses, Genetic , Cytokines/metabolism , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Gene Deletion , Gene Expression Regulation , Integrins/metabolism , Lactation , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Models, Genetic , Prolactin/metabolism , STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Time Factors
14.
J Biol Chem ; 279(24): 25149-56, 2004 Jun 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15069074

ABSTRACT

Apoptosis is an important mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis. The efficient induction and execution of apoptosis are essential for cell clearance in specific developmental situations. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is a survival factor for epithelial cells in the mammary gland, and its withdrawal or inhibition leads to apoptosis. In this paper we describe a novel mechanism that may lead to suppression of an IGF-I-mediated signaling pathway through cleavage of insulin receptor substrate (IRS). During the process of forced weaning, when mammary epithelial cells rapidly enter apoptosis in vivo, IRS-1 and IRS-2 disappear. We have used cultured mammary epithelial cells to demonstrate that IRS removal can be mediated through the action of caspase 10. Caspase 10 activation and IRS-1 cleavage are regulated by a MKK1-signaling pathway but not by a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway nor by the extracellular proapoptotic ligands FasL, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), or transforming growth factor-beta3. In addition we show that the loss of IRS-1 after MKK1 inhibition prevents IGF-mediated phosphorylation of FKHRL1.


Subject(s)
Caspases/physiology , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Caspase 10 , Female , Forkhead Box Protein O3 , Forkhead Transcription Factors , Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , MAP Kinase Kinase 1 , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Mammary Glands, Animal/enzymology , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/physiology , Phosphorylation , Transcription Factors/physiology , bcl-Associated Death Protein
15.
J Cell Sci ; 117(Pt 2): 271-80, 2004 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14676278

ABSTRACT

The function of exocrine glands depends on signals within the extracellular environment. In the mammary gland, integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix protein laminin co-operates with soluble factors such as prolactin to regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The mechanism of matrix and prolactin crosstalk and the activation of downstream signals are not fully understood. Because integrins organize the cytoskeleton, we analysed the contribution of the cytoskeleton to prolactin receptor activation and the resultant stimulation of milk protein gene expression. We show that the proximal signalling events initiated by prolactin (i.e. tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor and the associated kinase Jak2) do not depend on an intact actin cytoskeleton. However, actin networks and microtubules are both necessary for continued mammary cell differentiation, because cytoskeletal integrity is required to transduce the signals between prolactin receptor and Stat5, a transcription factor necessary for milk protein gene transcription. The two different cytoskeletal scaffolds regulate prolactin signalling through separate mechanisms that are specific to cellular differentiation but do not affect the general profile of protein synthesis.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/physiology , Prolactin/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins , Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Animals , Caseins/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Colchicine/pharmacology , Cytochalasin D/pharmacology , Cytoskeleton/drug effects , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Female , Immunohistochemistry , Integrins/metabolism , Janus Kinase 2 , Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism , Mice , Milk Proteins/metabolism , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphorylation , Pregnancy , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , STAT5 Transcription Factor , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transcription, Genetic , Tyrosine/metabolism
16.
Dev Dyn ; 223(4): 497-516, 2002 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11921338

ABSTRACT

Epithelial cell survival is dependent on extracellular signals provided by both soluble factors and by adhesion. In the mammary gland, extensive apoptosis of epithelial cells occurs rapidly when lactation ceases, but the mechanism of apoptosis induction is not known. In tissue culture, mammary epithelial cells require laminin as a survival ligand and specific beta1 integrins are necessary to suppress apoptosis. To explore the possibility that dynamic changes in cell-matrix interactions contribute to the onset of apoptosis during mammary involution in vivo, a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of integrin subunits and their extracellular matrix ligands during mouse mammary gland development has been performed. The kinetics of apoptosis were determined by using tissue samples obtained from virgin, pregnant, lactating, and involuting gland. The maximal elevation of apoptosis occurred within 24 hr of weaning as determined by histologic analysis and caspase-3 staining. A wide variety of laminin subunits, together with nidogen-1 and -2, and perlecan were identified within the basement membrane region of epithelial ducts, lobules, and alveoli in both human and mouse mammary gland. However, no change in the distribution of any of the basement membrane proteins or their cognate integrin receptors was observed during the transition from lactation to apoptosis. Instead, we discovered that altered ligand-binding conformation of the beta1 integrin to a nonbinding state coincided with the immediate onset of mammary apoptosis. This finding may provide a novel dynamic mechanism for inhibiting the transduction of extracellular matrix survival signals, thereby contributing to the onset of apoptosis in a developmental context in vivo.


Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Breast/cytology , Breast/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Antigens, CD/biosynthesis , Breast/growth & development , Calcium-Binding Proteins , Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis , Cell Adhesion Molecules , Female , Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/biosynthesis , Humans , Integrin alpha2 , Integrin alpha3 , Integrin alpha6 , Integrin beta1/biosynthesis , Integrins/biosynthesis , Lactation , Laminin/biosynthesis , Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Molecular Sequence Data , Pregnancy
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...