ABSTRACT
Colour vision deficiency is an impairment in discriminating colours. Beyond occupational opportunities, colour vision-based restrictions may limit driving, which is a daily task for many people. This review aims to compare existing colour vision requirements for obtaining a driving license in southeast Asian countries to the rest of the world. Subsequently, to review existing published literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for future guidelines for colour-deficient drivers. Color vision requirements for obtaining a driving license vary widely amongst countries. While colour-deficient drivers may face mild challenges in driving, increased awareness and developing effective compensatory strategies could enable them to drive safely. The current evidence does not support a strict exclusion of all colour-deficient individuals from driving. Instead, emphasis is needed on screening to increase awareness and insight into their disability. Future studies should consider compensatory adaptive strategies that are specific for high-risk situations such as challenging driving conditions.
ABSTRACT
@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> 1) To describe the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection for diabetic macular edema (DME) on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) of Filipino patients; 2) To determine correlations between (a) CFT and BCVA, (b) CFT and optical coherence tomography (OCT) patterns of DME, (c) number of injections with BCVA and CFT, (d) number of injections with OCT pattern of DME and the presence of epiretinal membrane (ERM), (e) control and type of diabetes mellitus (DM) with BCVA and CFT;3) To describe ocular and systemic side effects of IVB injections.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> This was a retrospective non-comparative case series of patients who underwent IVB injection for DME from January 2012 to June 2013. Data gathered included: (1) BCVA, (2) CFT, (3) OCT pattern of DME,(4) presence of ERM on OCT, (5) total number of IVB injections in 12 months, (6) type and control of DM, (7)ocular and systemic side effects of IVB. All analyses were made at the first, third, sixth, and 12th month post-IVB injection.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Sixty-eight eyes received IVB injection, 27 eyes had incomplete data and were excluded, and only 41 eyes were analyzed. There was a consistent improvement in the mean BCVA and decrease in mean CFT from baseline up to the 12th month. There was a steady increase in the mean change in BCVA and a consistent decrease in the percent change in mean CFT until the 12th month. The change in mean BCVA and CFT appeared to have an inverse relationship. Patients who received four or more injections were also those with worse mean BCVA and greater CFT. There was no correlation between the number of injections and the OCT pattern of DME, nor the presence of ERM. The mean BCVA appeared to improve among patients with controlled DM and mean CFT was larger among patients with uncontrolled DM. There were no severe ocular or systemic adverse effects reported.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> IVB injection resulted in an improvement in the BCVA and a decrease in CFT in patients with DME.No systemic or severe ocular adverse effects were observed. </p>
