Plasma-induced nanopillars on bare metal coronary stent surface for enhanced endothelialization.

An increased risk of late stent thrombosis associated with polymer carriers on the surface of drug-eluting stents remains one of the challenges in cardiovascular stent technology, which has instigated a renewed interest in the polymer-less, bare metal stent approach. As thrombus formation is most likely augmented by the lack of endothelial cell coverage at the exposed stented site, an improved stent surface that enhances cell coverage is essential for viable polymer-less all metal stents. We demonstrate superior endothelial cell growth, more continuous monolayer formation and overall improved endothelialization with nanopillar arrays created via radio frequency plasma surface texturing on our all metallic stent surface of MP35N stent alloy. It is shown that the nanotextured surface significantly up-regulates primary bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) functionality when compared with unprocessed, smooth MP35N surfaces without a nanopillar topography. The desirable presence of transmembrane tight junctions and highly organized monolayer formation was induced by the presence of the nanopillar surface texture. The nanopillar structure also produced a reduced level of oxidative stress in the BAECs. These findings may contribute to new nanotechnology-based surface design concepts for bare metal stents producing advanced cardiovascular implants which mitigate late stent thrombosis.

Radially arrayed nanopillar formation on metallic stent wire surface via radio-frequency plasma.

MP35N (Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy) is an important stent implant material for which many aspects, that include nanostructured surfaces, are yet to be understood. The present study provides the first creation of radially emanating metallic nanopillar structures on the surface of MP35N stent alloy wires; a novel textured surface structuring derived via controlled RF processing technique. The goal of this study was to characterize the newly found structures, identify evolution stages of nanopillar formations, as well as optimize RF process parameters for controlled surface texturing technique for stent wire materials. The exposure of a stent alloy wire, 250 microm diameter Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy (MP35N), to parameter-controlled RF environment resulted in dense surface nanostructures consisting of high-aspect-ratio dendritic nanopillars/nanowires. Extensive surface characterization and local compositional analyses by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show increased values of Mo contents on the outer edges of protruding nanopillars, indicating a possibility of the higher Mo content phase contributing to the differential plasma sputter etching on the MP35N surface and resultant nanowire formation. A comparative investigation on single phase alloy versus multi-phase alloy seems to point to the importance of phase segregation for successful nanowire formation by RF plasma treatment. In addition to MP35N, some specific single phased materials, such as Fe-Ni and Fe-Cr alloys or Pt metal wire, were exposed in same RF plasma conditions and results did not form the complex structures found on MP35N samples. For the purpose of this study, metallic stent wires that have nanostructured surfaces can be considered a "polymer-less" approach to surface modification, The creation and characterization of radially arrayed nanostructured surfaces has been demonstrated on MP35N stent alloy wires using this RF plasma process; where such nanostructured surfaces contribute to design concepts that may enhance endotheliazation of stent materials via surface texturing modification.

Antibiofouling, sustained antibiotic release by Si nanowire templates.

Loading or filling nanostructures with antibiotics can be one of the relevant approaches for obtaining a controlled drug release rate. Vertically aligned silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays with 10-40 nm diameter wires having 1-3 microm in length obtained by the electroless etching (EE) technique are used in this study as novel nanostructures for mediating drug delivery. Here we report controlled antibiotic activity and sustained bioavailability from SiNW arrays and also show microstructural manipulations for a tunable release rate. As well, we have demonstrated biodegradability of SiNWs in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution. Strikingly suppressed cell and protein adhesion was observed on our SiNW surface, which indicates a reduced probability for biofouling and drug release impediments. Such antibiotic release from the nanowire-structured surface can provide more reliable antibiotic protection at a targeted implantation or biosensor site.

Geometry transformation and alterations of periodically patterned Si nanotemplates by dry oxidation.

We report on the size-dependent transformation and geometrical modifications of periodically patterned Si templates by a combination of dry oxidation and chemical etching. Deep ultraviolet lithography patterned circular holes with diameters varying between 190 nm and 1 microm on Si wafers were oxidized at 1000 degrees C using dry oxygen for various durations, with selected samples chemically etched for oxide removal for additional alterations. An interesting phenomenon of a circular-to-square shape transformation of the holes was observed, which was particularly pronounced in the sub-200 nm regime. We tentatively attribute the change to the surface energy and geometry constraints in nanoscale patterns.