Gingival biotypes in Mexican students aged 17-19 years old and their associated anatomic structures, socio-demographic and dietary factors.

This was a cross-sectional study with 550 students aged 17-19 years old. Gingival biotype (GB) was classified as thin, thick, and mixed based on visual inspection. Biotypes were associated with anatomical parameters from the anterior teeth, including probing depth, keratinized gingiva (KG), and gingival attachment (GA). Upper lip distance, facial thirds, tooth shape, gingival recessions, and gummy smile (GS) were also measured. Other variables included sex, age, dietary intake, and oral hygiene habits. Prevalence of thin, thick, and mixed biotypes was 68.4%, 19%, and 12.5%, respectively. Recessions occurred most often in those with thin biotypes. GS was more often seen in men with thin biotypes and in women with thick biotypes. There was a relationship between thin biotypes and oval teeth, and between thick biotypes and square teeth. The lower facial third was larger in thin biotypes. Thin biotypes were also related to larger canines, larger lateral and central incisors, and less KG and GA. Conversely, thick biotypes were associated with shorter teeth and with more KG and GA. Dietary intake and dental hygienic were not significantly associated with GB. Morphologic and phenotypic characterization of GBs can be relevant when planning and performing common dental procedures (e.g., prosthetics, implants, and orthodontics).

Quantitative and functional analysis of CD69+ T regulatory lymphocytes in patients with periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is chronic inflammatory process that affects the attachment structures of the teeth and constitutes a significant cause of tooth loss in adults. Although different bacteria play an important role in the triggering of this condition, the progression and severity of the disease are strongly affected by the host immune response, which is under the control of different immune regulatory mechanisms, including T regulatory (Treg) cells. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and function of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in patients with chronic periodontal disease. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples (n = 33) and gingival tissue (n = 9) were obtained from patients with chronic periodontal disease. Blood samples from 25 healthy individuals were also studied. Levels of CD69+ Treg lymphocytes in peripheral blood and gingival tissue were determined by six-color multiparametric flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The immune regulatory function of CD69+ Treg cells was tested by an in vitro assay of inhibition of lymphocyte activation. RESULTS: Percentages of CD69+ Treg cells were significantly higher in the peripheral blood from patients with active periodontal disease compared to healthy controls, and these percentages inversely correlated with the periodontal attachment loss. Increased numbers of these Treg cells were detected in the gingival tissue from active PD patients compared to their peripheral blood. However, the suppressive function of CD69+ Treg cells was significantly diminished in patients with periodontal disease compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that CD69+ Treg cells seem to be another important piece in the complex immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Predictive values of thermal and electrical dental pulp tests: a clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: For a diagnostic test to be useful, it is necessary to determine the probability that the test will provide the correct diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the predictive value of diagnostics. The aim of the present study was to identify the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, and reproducibility of thermal and electrical tests of pulp sensitivity. METHODS: The thermal tests studied were the 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (cold) and hot gutta-percha (hot) tests. For the electrical test, the Analytic Technology Pulp Tester (Analytic Technology, Redmond, WA) was used. A total of 110 teeth were tested: 60 teeth with vital pulp and 50 teeth with necrotic pulps (disease prevalence of 45%). The ideal standard was established by direct pulp inspection. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the diagnostic tests were 0.88 for the cold test, 0.86 for the heat test, and 0.76 for the electrical test, and the specificity was 1.0 for all 3 tests. The negative predictive value was 0.90 for the cold test, 0.89 for the heat test, and 0.83 for the electrical test, and the positive predictive value was 1.0 for all 3 tests. The highest accuracy (0.94) and reproducibility (0.88) were observed for the cold test. CONCLUSIONS: The cold test was the most accurate method for diagnostic testing.

Peripheral arterial disease associated with caries and periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an important cardiovascular disorder of the peripheral arteries. Chronic infections, such as periodontitis, may play an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of PAD and other cardiovascular conditions. Recently, Streptococcus mutans has been found with high frequency in atheromatous plaques. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible clinical and microbiologic association between PAD and periodontitis and dental caries. METHODS: Thirty patients with PAD and 30 control individuals were selected. PAD and its severity were established by the use of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Clinical attachment loss (AL); probing depth; decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index; and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated. The presence of bacterial DNA from Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was identified by polymerase chain reaction in subgingival biofilm and serum. RESULTS: Patients with ≥30% AL ≥ 4 mm had six-fold increased risk of having PAD (odds ratio = 8.18; 95% confidence interval = 1.21 to 35.23; P = 0.031). There was statistical difference in the CRP (P = 0.0413) and DMFT index (P = 0.0002), with elevated number of missing teeth (P = 0.0459) in the PAD group compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in the frequency of bacteria in serum and subgingival plaque. CONCLUSION: There was a positive relationship between periodontitis based on AL and PAD determined by the ABI (odds ratio = 8.18).

Shear bond strength evaluation of bonded molar tubes on fluorotic molars.

OBJECTIVE: To study the shear bond strength (SBS), sites of failure, and micromorphology of bonded molar tubes used on teeth affected by dental fluorosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro study included 140 first molars classified according to Dean's index for dental fluorosis. Samples were divided into seven groups: (1) healthy teeth etched for 15 seconds, (2) teeth with moderate fluorosis (MOF) etched for 15 seconds, (3) teeth with MOF etched for 150 seconds, (4) teeth with MOF microabrasion etched for 15 seconds, (5) teeth with severe fluorosis (SEF) etched for 15 seconds, (6) teeth with SEF etched for 150 seconds, and (7) teeth with SEF microabrasion etched for 15 seconds. All samples were incubated and were then submitted to the SBS test and evaluated with the modified adhesive remnant index (ARI) and analyzed by using a scanning electronic microscope. RESULTS: The SBS mean value for healthy enamel was 20 ± 10.2 MPa. For the group with MOF, the etched 150-second mean value was the highest (19 ± 7.6 MPa); for the group with SEF treated with microabrasion and etched for 15 seconds, the mean value was (13 ± 4.1 MPa). Significant differences (P ≤ .05) were found in the ARI between healthy and fluorosed groups. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorotic enamel affects the adhesion of bonded molar tubes. The use of overetching in cases of MOF and the combination of microabrasion and etching in SEF provides a suitable adhesion for fixed appliance therapy.

Comparison of oral streptococci biofilm in caries-free and caries-affected preschool Mexican children.

Interaction of oral streptococci biofilm is the main etiological factor for dental caries. The aim of the study was to compare oral streptococci (OS) distribution in the biofilm of primary dentition from caries-free and caries-affected preschool Mexican children. This cross-sectional study involved 40 caries-free and 40 caries-affected children with primary dentition. Each child was examined using the dmfs index, DNA was extracted from saliva and presence of OS was determined by PCR. Data obtained showed no statistical difference regarding age and gender (P > 0.05). Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) and their combination showed significant statistical differences between groups (P < 0.05). Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii had an inverse relation with dmfs index and Ssob had a direct relation similar to combined with Smut. Smut-Ssob combined with other OS showed statistical differences (P < 0.05). In free-caries group Streptococcus gordonii was more frequently identified than Smut. The ratio Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis could represent a high risk of dental caries development; this ratio was higher in the caries-affected (1.18) than in the caries-free group (0.32). In conclusion, OS play an important role in dental caries predisposition and severity, not only the presence of Smut and Srob, but also the complexity and distribution of OS in the biofilm.

Analysis of the molecular structure of human enamel with fluorosis using micro-Raman spectroscopy.

The aim of this study was to analyze the molecular structure of enamel with fluorosis using micro-Raman spectroscopy and compare it with that of healthy enamel. Eighty extracted human molars were classified into four fluorosis groups according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) [TFI: 0, Healthy enamel; 1-3, mild; 4-5, moderate; 6-9, severe fluorosis]. All samples were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The integral areas of ν(1) (960 cm(-1)) phosphate peak as well as B-type carbonate peak (1070 cm(-1)) were obtained to analyze structural differences among the specimens. Although the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), the mean of integral areas of ν(1) phosphate peak among groups indicated greater mineralization in the severe fluorosis group. However, there were statistically significant differences in the intensities, and the integral areas of B-type carbonate peak among groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, mineralization of the carbonate peak at 1070 cm(-1) decreased significantly in fluorotic groups, suggesting that carbonate ions are easily dissolved in the presence of fluoride. Although structurally fluorotic teeth are not more susceptible to dental caries, serious alteration in its surface topography may cause retention of bacterial plaque and formation of enamel caries. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool for analyzing the molecular structure of healthy and fluorotic human enamel.

Comparison of oral Streptococci biofilm in caries-free and caries-affected preschool Mexican children / Comparación de la composición de la biopelícula de estreptococos orales en niños preescolares mexicanos con presencia y libres de caries dental

La interacción de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula es el principal factor etiológico de la caries dental, por lo que objetivo del estudio fue comparar la distribución de los estreptococosorales en la biopelícula de niños preescolares con dentición temporal, afectados por caries y libres de esta enfermedad. Este estudio transversal incluyó 40 niños con caries y 40 niños libres de caries con dentición primaria. Cada sujeto fue examinado usando el índice ceo, y se tomó una muestra desaliva, de la cual se extrajo el DNA y se determinó la presencia de los estreptococos orales por medio de PCR. Comparando los dos grupos no se mostraron diferencias significativas encuanto a edad y género (P>0.05). La presencia de Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) y su combinación mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). La presencia de Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis y Streptococcus gordonii mostró una relación inversa con elíndice ceo, en contraste Ssob así como la combinación Smut- Ssob observaron una relación directa. Smut-Ssob combinados con otros estreptococos orales, mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). En el grupo libre de caries Streptococcusgordonii se identificó con mayor frecuencia que Smut. La proporción Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis podría representar un alto riesgo de desarrollo de caries dental, esta proporción fue mayor en los sujetos afectados por caries dental (1.18) en comparación con el grupo libre de caries (0.32). En conclusión, los estreptococos orales juegan un importante papel en el riesgo de caries dental así como en su severidad, no solo la presencia de Smut y Ssob, sino también la complejidad y distribución de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula (AU)

Comparison of oral Streptococci biofilm in caries-free and caries-affected preschool Mexican children / Comparación de la composición de la biopelícula de estreptococos orales en niños preescolares mexicanos con presencia y libres de caries dental

La interacción de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula es el principal factor etiológico de la caries dental, por lo que objetivo del estudio fue comparar la distribución de los estreptococosorales en la biopelícula de niños preescolares con dentición temporal, afectados por caries y libres de esta enfermedad. Este estudio transversal incluyó 40 niños con caries y 40 niños libres de caries con dentición primaria. Cada sujeto fue examinado usando el índice ceo, y se tomó una muestra desaliva, de la cual se extrajo el DNA y se determinó la presencia de los estreptococos orales por medio de PCR. Comparando los dos grupos no se mostraron diferencias significativas encuanto a edad y género (P>0.05). La presencia de Streptococcus mutans (Smut), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ssob) y su combinación mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). La presencia de Smut, Streptococcus sanguinis y Streptococcus gordonii mostró una relación inversa con elíndice ceo, en contraste Ssob así como la combinación Smut- Ssob observaron una relación directa. Smut-Ssob combinados con otros estreptococos orales, mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (P<0.05). En el grupo libre de caries Streptococcusgordonii se identificó con mayor frecuencia que Smut. La proporción Smut/Streptococcus sanguinis podría representar un alto riesgo de desarrollo de caries dental, esta proporción fue mayor en los sujetos afectados por caries dental (1.18) en comparación con el grupo libre de caries (0.32). En conclusión, los estreptococos orales juegan un importante papel en el riesgo de caries dental así como en su severidad, no solo la presencia de Smut y Ssob, sino también la complejidad y distribución de los estreptococos orales en la biopelícula

Relationship between overweight-obesity and periodontal disease in Mexico

The aim of this study was to examine the association between overweight-obesity and periodontal disease in subjects who attended the clinic of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis de Potosi, Mexico. This was cross-sectional study involving 88 subjects - 60 without overweight-obesity and 28 with overweight-obesity. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: dental bacterial plaque, index of calculus, gingivitis, probing depth and periodontal disease index (PDI). When comparing the group of subjects with overweight-obesity to the control, there were statistically significant differences in the variables calculus (p=0.0015), gingivitis (p=0.0050) and periodontal disease (p=0.0154). Regarding the logistic regression analysis, the dependent variable was subjects with and without overweight-obesity and the independent variables were sex, age and periodontal disease. We found statistically significant differences (p=0.0162) with OR=3.16 in periodontal disease. Periodontal disease showed statistically significant differences in the group of subjects with overweight-obesity. The oral health of subjects with overweight- obesity should be supervised and checked in order to prevent oral alterations.

El objetivo fue asociar el sobrepeso-obesidad con la enfermedad periodontal en sujetos que asistieron a la clinica de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatologia de la Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi (UASLP) Mexico. Se realizo un estudio transversal con un total de 88 sujetos, 60 con sobrepeso-obesidad y 28 sin sobrepeso-obesidad. Los siguientes parametros clinicos fueron evaluados en el estudio: placa dentobacteriana, indice de calculo, profundidad de bolsa y enfermedad periodontal (PDI). Al comparar el grupo de sujetos con sobrepeso-obesidad con el control se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas en las variables calculo (p=0.0015), gingivitis (p=0.0050) y enfermedad periodontal (p=0.0154). En relacion con el analisis de regresion logistica, la variable dependiente fue sujetos sin y con sobrepeso-obesidad y las independientes fueron: sexo, edad y enfermedad periodontal. Encontramos diferencias estadisticamente significativa (p=0.0162) con un OR=3.16 en enfermedad periodontal. La enfermedad periodontal mostro diferencias al comparar el grupo de sujetos con sobrepeso-obesidad con el control. Es necesario la prevencion, supervision y revision del estado de salud bucal de los pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad para prevenir alteraciones bucales.

Pérdida de dientes en adolescentesy adultos jóvenes universitarios mexicanos / Teeth loss in university adolescents and young adults from México

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de pérdida de dientes (PD) permanentes en una población universitaria de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, así como conocer su distribución por edad y sexo. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 1027 adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de 16 a 25 años de edad seleccionados aleatoriamente del total de aspirantes a las licenciaturas de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México. La variable dependiente fue la prevalencia de PD, codificándose como 0=sujetos sin PD y 1=sujetos que tuvieron al menos un diente perdido. Otras variables incluidas fueron edad y sexo del sujeto. El análisis se llevó a cabo en STATA v9,0 con regresión logística. El promedio de edad de los sujetos incluidos fue de 18,20±1,65 y 52,0% fueron hombres. La prevalencia de sujetos con PD fue de 18,0% (n=185) y el promedio de 0,46±1,13, mientras que en quienes tuvieron al menos uno perdido fue de 2,54±1,32. El número máximo de PD fue de 5. En el modelo ajustado obtuvimos significancia estadística en la edad (RM=1,11; p<0,05). Las mujeres tuvieron 41% mayor riesgo de presentar al menos un diente perdido que los hombres. Los sujetos que presentaron más de 6 obturaciones tuvieron mayor posibilidad de tener dientes perdidos (RM=1,60; p<0,05). Los hallazgos indican que la experiencia de tener PD alcanza casi el 20%, además se mostró una asociación entre la PD con la edad, el sexo y el número de obturaciones. Este estudio demuestra la existencia de desigualdades de género.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of permanent teeth loss in a university population of adolescents and young adults, and also to determine the distribution by age and sex. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1027 adolescents and young adults from 16 to 25 years old selected randomly from the total number of applicants to the bachelor's degree program of San Luis Potosi University, Mexico. The dependent variable was the prevalence of tooth loss, codified as "0"=subjects without tooth loss and "1"=subjects with at least one tooth loss. Others variables included were age and sex. Analyzes was performed in STATA 9.0 with logistic regression. The mean of age was 18.20±1.65 and 52.0% were men. The prevalence of tooth loss was 18.0% (n=185) and the mean of 0.46±1.13, whereas in subjects with at least one tooth loss the mean was 2.54±1.32. The maximum number of teeth loss was 5. In the adjusted model we obtained statistic significance in the age (OR=1.11; p<0.05). Women have 41% high risk to present at least one tooth loss than men. Subjects that presented more of 6 filling have high possibility to have teeth loss (OR=1.60; p<0.05). Findings indicate that the experience to have tooth loss reaches nearly 20.0%, and that there was relationship between tooth loss and age, sex and number of fillings. This study demonstrates the existence of gender inequalities.

Characterization of healthy and fluorotic enamel by atomic force microscopy.

The aim was to characterize the external structure, roughness, and absolute depth profile (ADP) of fluorotic enamel compared with healthy enamel. Eighty extracted human molars were classified into four groups [TFI: 0, control (C); 1-3, mild (MI); 4-5, moderate (MO); 6-9, severe fluorosis (S)] according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). All samples were analyzed by atomic force microscopy.The mean values of enamel surface roughness (ESR) in nm were: Group C, 92.6; Group MI, 188.8; Group MO, 246.9; and Group S, 532.2. The mean values of absolute depth profile in nm were: C, 1,065.7; MI, 2,360.7; MO, 2,536.7; and S, 6,146.2. The differences between mean ESR and mean ADP among groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). This structural study confirms at the nanometer level that there is a positive association between fluorosis severity, ESR, and ADP, and there is an association with the clinical findings of fluorosis measured by TFI as well.

Relationship between overweight-obesity and periodontal disease in Mexico.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between overweight-obesity and periodontal disease in subjects who attended the clinic of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis de Potosi, México. This was cross-sectional study involving 88 subjects--60 without overweight-obesity and 28 with overweight-obesity. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: dental bacterial plaque, index of calculus, gingivitis, probing depth and periodontal disease index (PDI). When comparing the group of subjects with overweight-obesity to the control, there were statistically significant differences in the variables calculus (p = 0.0015), gingivitis (p = 0.0050) and periodontal disease (p = 0.0154). Regarding the logistic regression analysis, the dependent variable was subjects with and without overweight-obesity and the independent variables were sex, age and periodontal disease. We found statistically significant differences (p = 0.0162) with OR = 3.16 in periodontal disease. Periodontal disease showed statistically significant differences in the group of subjects with overweight-obesity. The oral health of subjects with overweight-obesity should be supervised and checked in order to prevent oral alterations.

Dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity in Mexican adolescents and young adults.

OBJECTIVE: Determining dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity in students applying for degree courses at San Luis Potosi University (UASLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving adolescents and young adults (16 to 25 years old) applying for undergraduate courses at UASLP (approximately 10 %, n=1 027). Two standardized examiners undertook dental examinations; DMFT index, prevalence (DMFT>0), severity (DMFT>3 and DMFT>6) and significant caries index (SiC) were calculated. STATA 9.0 non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean age was 18.20+/-1.65; 48.0% were female. The DMFT index was 4.04+/-3.90 and caries prevalence was 74.4%. Regarding caries' severity, 48.8% had MDFT>3 and 24% DMFT>6. The SiC index was 8.64. Females had higher caries experience than males (4.32+/-4.01 cf 3.78+/-3.78; p<0.05), but similar prevalence and severity (p>0.05). Age was associated with both experience (p<0.001) and prevalence (p<0.01) and to differing degrees of caries' severity (p<0,001). The "filled teeth" component had the highest DMFT index percentage (63.6%) and "missing teeth" the lowest (11.4%). CONCLUSIONS: High dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity were observed in this sample of adolescents and young adults. Restorative experience was high (59.5%) compared to studies carried out in other parts of Mexico and Latin-America.

Dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity in Mexican adolescents and young adults / Experiencia, prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes mexicanos

Objective Determining dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity in students applying for degree courses at San Luis Potosi University (UASLP). Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out involving adolescents and young adults (16 to 25 years old) applying for undergraduate courses at UASLP (~10 percent, n=1 027). Two standardized examiners undertook dental examinations; DMFT index, prevalence (DMFT>0), severity (DMFT>3 and DMFT>6) and significant caries index (SiC) were calculated. STATA 9.0 non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Mean age was 18.20±1.65; 48.0 percent were female. The DMFT index was 4.04±3.90 and caries prevalence was 74.4 percent. Regarding caries' severity, 48.8 percent had MDFT>3 and 24 percent DMFT>6. The SiC index was 8.64. Females had higher caries experience than males (4.32±4.01 cf 3.78±3.78; p<0.05), but similar prevalence and severity (p>0.05). Age was associated with both experience (p<0.001) and prevalence (p<0.01) and to differing degrees of caries' severity (p<0,001). The ®filled teeth¼ component had the highest DMFT index percentage (63.6 percent) and ®missing teeth¼ the lowest (11.4 percent). Conclusions High dental caries' experience, prevalence and severity were observed in this sample of adolescents and young adults. Restorative experience was high (59.5 percent) compared to studies carried out in other parts of Mexico and Latin-America.

Objetivo Determinar la experiencia, prevalencia y severidad de caries en aspirantes a las licenciaturas de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP). Material y Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en el 2007 en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de 16 a 25 años de edad aspirantes a las licenciaturas de la UASLP (~10 por ciento, n=1 027). El examen clínico lo realizaron dentistas. Se calcularon los índices de caries para dentición permanente y se determinó la experiencia (índice global CPOD), la prevalencia (CPOD>0) y la severidad (CPOD>3 y CPOD>6) de caries dental, además, del índice de caries significativa (SiC). Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con X2, Mann-Whitney, y pruebas de tendencia no paramétrica en STATA 9.0. Resultados La edad promedio fue 18,20±1,65 años. El 48,0 por ciento fueron mujeres. El índice CPOD fue 4,04±3,90 y la prevalencia de caries de 74,4 por ciento. En cuanto a la severidad, 48,8 por ciento tuvieron CPOD >3 y 24,0 por ciento CPOD >6. El índice SiC fue de 8,64. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor experiencia de caries que los hombres (4,32±4,01 vs 3,78±3,78; p<0,05); pero similar prevalencia y severidad (p>0,05). La edad se asoció tanto a la experiencia (p<0,001), como a la prevalencia (p<0,01) y a los diferentes grados de severidad de caries (p<0,001). El mayor porcentaje (63,6 por ciento) del índice CPOD fue del componente ®dientes obturados¼ y el menor (11,4 por ciento) del componente "dientes perdidos". Conclusiones Se observó una alta experiencia, prevalencia y severidad de caries en esta muestra de adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Por otro lado, la experiencia restauradora fue alta (59,5 por ciento) en comparación con estudios realizados en otros lugares de México y Latinoamérica.

Dental fluorosis in 12- and 15-year-olds at high altitudes in above-optimal fluoridated communities in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Mexican adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 1,024 adolescents 12 and 15-years-old residing in three naturally fluoridated locales at high altitudes above sea level (> 2,000 m or > 6,560 ft) in Tula de Allende, Hidalgo, Mexico. Participants had lived in those communities from birth to their sixth birthday. Both the Modified Dean Index and the Community Fluorosis Index were calculated. RESULTS: The overall fluorosis prevalence was 83.8 percent. Fluorosis prevalence in El Llano (3.07 ppmF), San Marcos (1.38 ppmF), and Tula Centro (1.42 ppmF) was 94.7, 89.8, and 81.9 percent, respectively. Overall, the Community Fluorosis Index was 1.85. We observed a high prevalence of dental fluorosis--mostly very mild (35.9 percent), but also uncommonly severe (20.6 percent). CONCLUSIONS: At least 8 out of 10 adolescents had some level of fluorosis, and such prevalence is considered to be a dental public health problem. A relationship between fluoride concentration in water in each community and fluorosis was observed. The high fluorosis prevalence and severity might possibly be associated with the high altitude of the communities.

Caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss in patients with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2.

The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss in patients affected by diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. It was a cross-sectional study involving 175 subjects distributed in the following groups: (1) 35 patients with diabetes type 1 (glycosylated hemoglobin values from 6.5%-7%), (2) 35 patients with diabetes type 1 (values of glycosylated hemoglobin higher than 7%), (3) 35 subjects without diabetes mellitus type 1, (4) 35 patients with diabetes type 2 and (5) 35 subjects without diabetes mellitus type 2. The following clinical parameters were evaluated for all the subjects who participated in the study: frequency of caries, filled teeth, missing teeth, prosthetic restoration, bacterial dental plaque, calculus index, probing depth and attachment level. On comparing the groups of patients with diabetes type 1 to the control group, there were no statistically significant differences among any of the study variables. On comparing the group of patients with diabetes type 2 to the control group, there were statistically significant differences in the variables missing teeth (p=0.0134), calculus (p=0.0001), probing depth (p=0.0009) and attachment level (p=0.0093). The variable periodontal disease showed statistically significant dIfferences in the group of patients with diabetes type 2. Prevention, supervision and review of the oral health of patients with diabetes (types 1 and 2) are needed in order to prevent oral alterations.