Dietary Intake of (Poly)phenols and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Mexican Teachers' Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have reported that total (poly)phenol intake is associated with a reduction in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but mainly from high-income countries, where (poly)phenol intake may differ from that of low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the association between the intake of total, all classes, and subclasses of (poly)phenols and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Mexican cohort. METHODS: We used data from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort, which included 95,313 adult females. After a median follow-up of 11.2 y, 1725 deaths were reported, including 674 from cancer and 282 from cardiovascular diseases. (Poly)phenol intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the Phenol-Explorer database. Multivariable Cox models were applied to estimate the association between (poly)phenol intake and all-cause mortality and competitive risk models for cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: Comparing extreme quartiles, total (poly)phenol intake was associated with lower risk of all-cause [hazard ratio (HR)Q4vs.Q1: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.99; P-trend = 0.01] and cancer mortality (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02). Among (poly)phenol classes, phenolic acids, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids from coffee, showed an inverse association with all-cause (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91; P-trend = 0.002) and cancer mortality (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.94; P-trend = 0.03). No associations were observed with flavonoids or with cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that high (poly)phenol intake, primarily consisting of phenolic acids such as hydroxycinnamic acids, may have a protective effect on overall and cancer mortality. Null associations for flavonoid intake might be due to the potential underestimation of their intake in this population.

Effect of Mexico's vaccination program on Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among older adults in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the impact of Mexico's Co-vid-19 vaccination campaign of older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We estimated the absolute change in sympto-matic cases, hospitalizations and deaths for vaccine-eligible adults (aged >60 years) and the relative change compared to vaccine-ineligible groups since the campaign started. Re-sults. By May 3, 2021, the odds of Covid-19 cases among adults over 60 compared to 50-59 year olds decreased by 60.3% (95%CI: 53.1, 66.9), and 2 003 cases (95%CI: 1 156, 3 130) were avoided. Hospitalizations and deaths showed similar trends. CONCLUSIONS: Covid-19 events decreased after vaccine rollout among those eligible for vaccination.

Comparing the usefulness of two mortality registries for data-linkage for prospective cohorts in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of two Mexican death registries for the identification of vital status using a publicly available record-linkage tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected all reported deaths (n=581) and 575 alive participants in an epidemiologic cohort with active follow-up. Individual records were cross-linked to two mortal-ity registries. RESULTS: A sensitivity of 87.2% (95%CI: 84.7, 90.2) and specificity of 99.3% (95%CI: 98.2, 99.8) were jointly achieved with both registries. Major discrepancies in cause of death were observed in 10.8% of deaths. CONCLUSION: There is initial evidence that Mexican death registries are a valuable resource for mortality follow-up in epidemiologic studies.

Comparing the usefulness of two mortality registries for data-linkage for prospective cohorts in Mexico / Comparación de la utilidad de dos registros de mortalidad para vinculación con cohortes prospectivas en México

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of two Mexican death registries for the identification of vital status using a publicly available record-linkage tool. Materials and methods: We selected all reported deaths (n=581) and 575 alive participants in an epidemiologic cohort with active follow-up. Individual records were cross-linked to two mortality registries. Results: A sensitivity of 87.2% (95%CI: 84.7, 90.2) and specificity of 99.3% (95%CI: 98.2, 99.8) were jointly achieved with both registries. Major discrepancies in cause of death were observed in 10.8% of deaths. Conclusion: There is initial evidence that Mexican death registries are a valuable resource for mortality follow-up in epidemiologic studies.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la sensibilidad y especificidad de dos registros mexicanos de mortalidad para la identificación de muertes. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron al azar 575 participantes vivos y todas las muertes notificadas (n=581) de una cohorte con seguimiento activo. Se vinculó cada individuo utilizando una herramienta públicamente disponible. Resultados: Se obtuvo una sensibilidad de 87.2% (IC95%: 84.7, 90.2) y una especificidad de 99.3% (IC95%: 98.2, 99.8) con ambos registros. Hubo discrepancias en la causa de muerte en 10.8% de las defunciones. Conclusión: Existe evidencia inicial de que los registros mexicanos de mortalidad son un recurso valioso para el seguimiento en estudio epidemiológicos.

Menarche characteristics in association with total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study of Mexican teachers.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the relation between age at menarche and time to menstrual regularity with all-cause and cause specific mortality in a cohort of Mexican women. METHODS: We followed 113,540 women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. After a mean follow-up time of 9.2 years, 1,355 deaths were identified. We estimated hazard ratios from Cox regression models for total mortality and a competitive risk models for cause-specific mortality adjusting for year of birth and childhood factors. RESULTS: Women with extreme age of menarche were at increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI]: <11 years 1.50 [1.20, 1.87]; 14 years 1.19 [0.97, 1.43]) relative to those with menarche at 13 years. Extreme ages at menarche had higher risk of mortality for diabetes (HR: <11 years 1.66 [0.90, 3.05]; 14 years 1.47 [0.90, 2.40]), breast cancer (HR: <11 years 1.34 [0.56, 3.20]), and other cancer (HR:<11 years 1.65 [1.10, 2.48]) compared to menarche at 13 years. Women who took three or more years to achieve menstrual regularity had a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to those who took less (HR: 1.27 [1.01, 1.58]). CONCLUSIONS: Extreme ages at menarche and longer time to reach menstrual regularity were associated with an increased rate of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Premenopausal Plasma Osteoprotegerin and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Analysis Nested within the Nurses' Health Study II.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence supports a role of the receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) pathway in normal mammary gland development and breast carcinogenesis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is the endogenous decoy receptor for RANK-ligand (RANKL), which inhibits RANK-signaling. Whether OPG may be a biomarker of breast cancer risk remains unclear. METHODS: We evaluated the association between plasma OPG and breast cancer risk in a case (n = 297)-control (n = 297) study nested within the Nurses' Health Study II. Cases were women who were cancer-free and premenopausal at blood collection who developed invasive breast cancer. OPG was quantified using an ELISA. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between OPG levels and breast cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Unconditional logistic regression, additionally adjusting for matching factors, was used for stratified analyses. RESULTS: Overall, there was no substantial evidence for an association between plasma OPG levels and breast cancer risk, although the point estimate for the highest (vs. lowest) quartile was below 1 (OR = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.46-1.33; P trend = 0.30). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by various reproductive, hormonal, or tumor characteristics, including hormone receptor status and grade (all P heterogeneity ≥ 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this prospective study do not provide substantial evidence for an association between circulating OPG and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women; however, we were underpowered in stratified analyses. IMPACT: Results do not provide strong evidence for OPG as a potential biomarker of breast cancer risk among premenopausal women.

Evaluation of Mexico's low cancer mortality using two national death registries.

OBJECTIVE: To compare cancer mortality rates in Mexico from two national death registries that independently code and attribute cause of death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 5-year age-standardized total cancer and sitespecific cancer mortality rates (2010-2014) from Mexico's official death registry with a death registry from a disease surveillance system. We obtained age-adjusted mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals using the direct method and World Population Prospects 2010 as a standard. RESULTS: Cancer mortality estimates for Mexico were minimally affected by the use of two distinct death certificate-coding procedures. Cancer mortality was 73.3 for Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía and 72.7 for System for Epidemiologic Death Statistics per 100 000 women. The corresponding estimates for men were 68.3 and 67.8. CONCLUSIONS: Mexico's low cancer mortality is unlikely to be explained by death certificate processing. Further investigations into the process of death certification and cancer registration should be conducted in Mexico.

OBJETIVO: Comparar la mortalidad por cáncer en México a partir de dos registros de mortalidad nacionales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se comparó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad para cáncer total y por sitio específico (2010-2014) utilizando dos fuentes con diferentes métodos de procesamiento de información. Se obtuvieron tasas estandarizadas e intervalos de confianza al 95% utilizando el método directo y como población estándar el World Population Prospects 2010. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de mortalidad no se vieron afectadas por métodos distintos para procesar información. La mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres fue de 73.3 por cada 100 000 en el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía y 72.7 en el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Las estimaciones para hombres fueron 68.3 and 67.8, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Es poco probable que la baja mortalidad por cáncer en México se explique por el procesamiento de la información. Es necesario realizar estudios enfocados en el proceso de certificación y registro de muerte por cáncer.

Evaluation of Mexico's low cancer mortality using two national death registries / Evaluación de la baja mortalidad por cáncer en México a partir de dos registros nacionales

Abstract: Objective: To compare cancer mortality rates in Mexico from two national death registries that independently code and attribute cause of death. Materials and methods: We compared 5-year age-standardized total cancer and site-specific cancer mortality rates (2010-2014) from Mexico's official death registry with a death registry from a disease surveillance system. We obtained age-adjusted mortality rates and 95% confidence intervals using the direct method and World Population Prospects 2010 as a standard. Results: Cancer mortality estimates for Mexico were minimally affected by the use of two distinct death certificate-coding procedures. Cancer mortality was 73.3 forInstituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografíaand 72.7 for System for Epidemiolo gic Death Statistics per 100 000 women. The corresponding estimates for men were 68.3 and 67.8. Conclusion: Mexico's low cancer mortality is unlikely to be explained by death certificate processing. Further investigations into the process of death certification and cancer registration should be conducted in Mexico.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la mortalidad por cáncer en México a partir de dos registros de mortalidad nacionales. Material y métodos: Se comparó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad para cáncer total y por sitio específico (2010-2014) utilizando dos fuentes con diferentes métodos de procesamiento de información. Se obtuvieron tasas estandarizadas e intervalos de confianza al 95% utilizando el método directo y como población estándar el World Population Prospects 2010. Resultados: Las tasas de mortalidad no se vieron afectadas por métodos distintos para procesar información. La mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres fue de 73.3 por cada 100 000 en el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía y 72.7 en el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Las estimaciones para hombres fueron 68.3 and 67.8, respectivamente. Conclusión: Es poco probable que la baja mortalidad por cáncer en México se explique por el procesamiento de la información. Es necesario realizar estudios enfocados en el proceso de certificación y registro de muerte por cáncer.