ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Older person's ability to contribute covers contributions divided into five subdomains: assisting friends and neighbours, mentoring peers and younger people, caring for family, engaging in the workforce and voluntary activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of ability to contribute measurements as a domain of functional ability of older persons using Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) methodology for systematic reviews. METHODS: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases, for observational studies published within the last 10 years. The measurement properties of these ability measures were evaluated against the COSMIN taxonomy. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. RESULTS: Of the 32,665 studies identified, we selected 19, of which the main purpose was to develop or validate an instrument or have related items that measure at least one of the subdomains. None of the instruments contained items that were fully related to the five subdomains, 60% (n = 12) were related to voluntary activities and 15% (n = 3) to mentoring peers and younger people. As for psychometric properties, two studies assessed content validity. Factor analysis was used to evaluate structural validity in 10 studies. Internal consistency was evaluated in 63% of the instruments and Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0.63 to 0.92. No study reported predictive validity. A very limited overview of their scope and limitations for their application was observed. CONCLUSIONS: We found no single instrument measuring all subdomains of ability to contribute. We found several instruments containing items that could indirectly measure some of the subdomains of the ability to contribute.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living , Checklist , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Consensus , PsychometricsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Plenty of evidence shows how social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased risk for numerous diseases and mortality. But findings about their interactive or combined effects on health outcomes and mortality remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the longitudinal association of loneliness, social isolation and their interactions, with the all-cause mortality among older adults in Mexico. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Mexican adults older than 50 years were included. Data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) in the 2015 and 2018 waves were used. The subjects were classified according to their level of loneliness and the presence of social isolation. Multivariate logistic regression analyzes were performed to determine the degree of association between loneliness and social isolation with all-cause mortality at a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: From the total sample of 11,713 adults aged 50 years or over, 707 (6%) did not survive, 42% presented loneliness, and 53% were classified as socially isolated. After multivariate adjustment only social isolation (OR = 1.30, 95%CI:1.03-1.64) was associated with all-cause mortality, loneliness (Mild: OR = 0.83, 95%CI:0.59-1.16; Severe: OR = 1.03, 95%CI:0.71-1.64), and the interaction between loneliness and social isolation were not associated with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Social isolation, but not loneliness or their interaction, was associated with all-cause mortality in Mexican adults older than 50 years. This finding may help direct possible future interventions that help improve mental health in older adults from a highly collectivistic country.
Subject(s)
Loneliness , Social Isolation , Humans , Aged , Mexico/epidemiology , Social Isolation/psychology , Loneliness/psychology , Aging/psychology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in Case Fatality Rate (CFR) for Covid-19 among healthcare subsystems in Mexico City between March and December 2020. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective secondary data analysis from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System data of Covid-19 cases. Information about health provider institutions was retrieved from the Catalogue of Health Establishments (CLUES). Logistic regressions were fitted to determine the association between health subsystems and mortality associated to Covid-19. The analyses were divided between hospitalized and ambulatory patients. RESULTS: The probability of dying from Covid-19 was higher among those treated at Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) (Hospitalized:OR=5.11, Ambulatory:OR=36.57), Instituto de Se-guridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) (Hospitalized:OR=2.10, Ambulatory:OR=9.19), Secretaría de Salud (SS) (Hospitalized:OR=1.94, Ambulatory:OR=5.29) or other public institutions (Hospitalized: OR=1.70, Ambulatory:OR=9.56) than in those treated in private in-stitutions. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in healthcare quality and access between health subsystems are profound. It is imperative to increase the capacity and quality of the different health subsystems to improve health outcomes.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Hospitalization , Hospitals, Urban , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To describe differences in Case Fatality Rate (CFR) for Covid-19 among healthcare subsystems in Mexico City between March and December 2020. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective secondary data analysis from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System data of Covid-19 cases. Information about health provider institutions was retrieved from the Catalogue of Health Establishments (CLUES). Logistic regressions were fitted to determine the association between health subsystems and mortality associated to Covid-19. The analyses were divided between hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Results: The probability of dying from Covid-19 was higher among those treated at Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) (Hospitalized:OR=5.11, Ambulatory:OR=36.57), Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) (Hospitalized:OR=2.10, Ambulatory:OR=9.19), Secretaría de Salud (SS) (Hospitalized:OR=1.94, Ambulatory:OR=5.29) or other public institutions (Hospitalized: OR=1.70, Ambulatory: OR=9.56) than in those treated in private institutions. Conclusions: Differences in healthcare quality and access between health subsystems are profound. It is imperative to increase the capacity and quality of the different health subsystems to improve health outcomes.
Resumen Objetivo: Describir diferencias en letalidad por Covid-19 entre subsistemas de salud en la Ciudad de México entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. Material y métodos: Análisis secundario retrospectivo del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica sobre casos Covid-19. La información sobre instituciones proveedoras de salud fue obtenida del Catálogo de Establecimientos de Salud. Se ajustaron regresiones logísticas para determinar la asociación entre los subsistemas de salud y la mortalidad atribuida a Covid-19. Los análisis se dividieron entre pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios. Resultados: La probabilidad de morir fue mayor entre aquéllos atendidos en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) (Hospitalizados: OR=5.11, Ambulatorios: OR=36.57), Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) (Hospitalizados: OR=2.10, Ambulatorios: OR=9.19), Secretaría de Salud (SS) (Hospitalizados: OR=1.94, Ambulatorio: OR=5.29) u otras instituciones públicas (Hospitalizados: OR=1.70, Ambulatorio: OR=9.56) que en los atendidos en instituciones privadas. Conclusiones: Las diferencias en calidad y acceso a la atención médica entre subsistemas de salud son profundas. Urge aumentar la capacidad y la calidad de los subsistemas de salud para mejorar los resultados en salud.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Calcular el costo en que incurre la sociedad por contar con menores de edad que no estudian y que son cuidadores de adultos mayores con dependencia. Material y métodos: Se utilizó el Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem) 2015 para calcular el número de cuidadores menores de edad que no estudian. Se consultó la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2018 para estimar diferencias salariales entre poblaciones con escolaridad de primaria y preparatoria terminada en edad laboral. Dichas diferencias fueron convertidas a valor presente, agregadas y multiplicadas por el número de cuidadores menores de edad. Resultados: El costo anual total de contar con cuidadores menores de edad que abandonan los estudios asciende a 1 112 179 210 pesos. Conclusiones: El tema de los cuidadores menores de edad no ha recibido la atención requerida de la bibliografía especializada y aún existe una gran brecha de investigación al respecto.
Abstract: Objective: To calculate the cost assumed by society for having underaged individuals who do not study and provide care to dependent older adults. Materials and methods: The Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS) 2015 was used to calculate the number of underage caregivers who do not attend school. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2018 was used to estimate wage differences between populations at working age with complete elementary and complete high school education. Those differences were then converted to present value, added and multiplied by the number of underage caregivers. Results: The total annual cost of having underage caregivers who drop out of school adds to 1 112 179 210 pesos. Conclusions: The topic concerning underage caregivers has not received enough attention from specialized literature and there is still a large research gap in this area.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To calculate the cost assumed by society for having underaged individuals who do not study and provide care to dependent older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS) 2015 was used to calculate the number of underage caregivers who do not attend school. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2018 was used to estimate wage differences between populations of working age with complete elementary and complete high school education. Those differences were then converted to present value, added, and multiplied by the number of underage caregivers. RESULTS: The total annual cost of having underage caregivers who drop out of school adds to 1 112 179 210 pesos. CONCLUSIONS: The topic concerning underage caregivers has not received enough attention from specialized literature, and there is still a large research gap in this area.
