Antibodies internalization mechanisms by dendritic cells and their role in therapeutic antibody immunogenicity.

Internalization and processing by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are critical steps for initiating a T-cell response to therapeutic antibodies. Consequences are the production of neutralizing antidrug antibodies altering the clinical response, the presence of immune complexes, and, in some rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the knowledge of cellular uptake mechanisms of antibodies in DCs. The uptake of antibodies could be directly related to their immunogenicity by regulating the quantity of materials entering the DCs in relation to antibody structure. Here, we summarize the latest insights into cellular uptake mechanisms and pathways in DCs. We highlight the approaches to study endocytosis, the impact of endocytosis routes on T-cell response, and discuss the link between how DCs internalize therapeutic antibodies and the potential mechanisms that could give rise to immunogenicity. Understanding these processes could help in developing assays to evaluate the immunogenicity potential of biotherapeutics.

Assessment of work-related symptoms, perceived knowledge, and attitude among nail salon technicians.

OBJECTIVES: Beauty is a Lebanese stereotype, as Lebanese women often feel urged to decorate themselves. Recent studies have raised concerns about nail salon technicians' (NSTs) health and safety issues. The aim of our study was to evaluate the occupational symptoms reported by NSTs, to assess their knowledge and document their awareness regarding hazardous chemicals found in nail cosmetics. METHODS: NSTs completed a researcher-administered questionnaire. Data were gathered on sociodemographic characteristics, perceived knowledge, and safety issues. Work-related symptoms reported by NSTs were evaluated, and their responses were compared to those of the office employees. RESULTS: A total of 120 NSTs and 120 office employees were interviewed. Compared to the control group, NSTs reported a higher prevalence of work-related respiratory, dermal, and irritative symptoms, all significantly associated with smoking and a poor ventilation system. In addition, musculoskeletal complaints were common among NSTs and significantly linked to a poor ventilation system, an increased number of customers per day, and a longer service duration. Furthermore, a longer career duration was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of irritative symptoms. When a binary logistic regression was carried out, it demonstrated a 25 times higher prevalence of work-related symptoms among NSTs compared to the office employees. Interestingly, 84% of the respondents had an inaccurate knowledge of nail cosmetics' risks with their educational level acting as key factor. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is warranted to perform a clinical assessment, implement a stringent regulatory framework, and improve knowledge toward nail cosmetics' risk.

Knowledge and Attitude Among Lebanese Women Toward Hazardous Chemicals Used in Nail Cosmetics.

Middle Eastern women seek frequently for self-adornment. Harmful effects of chemicals used in nail care services have involved women worldwide. This study was performed to determine Lebanese women's knowledge and attitudes toward adverse effects of compounds used in nail cosmetics. A national cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire and targeting women in Lebanon. Data was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, nail cosmetics' application, preventive measures, perceived knowledge and self-reported side effects associated with nail cosmetic's use. A total cumulative knowledge score was calculated to categorize consumer knowledge. A total of 573 women completed the survey. Young women with a high school education or beyond were overrepresented. Most of the participants preferred applying classic manicure and removers on a weekly basis. Over 82% had poor/fair knowledge about health hazards associated with chemical compounds used in nail cosmetics with their levels of education acting as a key factor. Skin and neurological symptoms were the more frequently self-reported symptoms. Interestingly, the use of a nail hardener was linked to a higher prevalence of headache, nausea, allergy, skin irritation, itching and burn. The prevalence of the three later symptoms was higher among gel users. Moreover, few participants read nail cosmetics' labels or questioned their safety. Although nail cosmetics' application was common among Lebanese women, there is poor knowledge regarding their harmful effects. Based on these findings, it is warranted to launch health awareness campaigns and introduce a cosmetovigilance system to ensure the safety of the consumer products.