ABSTRACT
Selected emergency conditions of male and female reproductive tracts in horses are described, including injuries affecting the external genitalia of male horses and emergent conditions arising during gestation in mares. Conditions affecting male horses are discussed in the context of breeding stallions, but kicks or other mechanisms of trauma in the groin can also affect geldings. Priapism, paraphimosis, trauma to the scrotum and testicles, and penile injury are discussed. In mares, traumatic vestibular injury, placentitis, hydropsic conditions, prepubic tendon and abdominal wall compromise, and uterine torsion are included. Clinical recognition of the problem, diagnostic procedures, and treatments are summarized.
Subject(s)
Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Paraphimosis/veterinary , Priapism/veterinary , Reproduction , Animals , Breeding , Emergencies/veterinary , Female , Genitalia, Female/injuries , Genitalia, Male/injuries , Horse Diseases/therapy , Horses , Male , Paraphimosis/diagnosis , Paraphimosis/therapy , Pregnancy , Priapism/diagnosis , Priapism/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/veterinaryABSTRACT
Selected conditions affecting broodmares are discussed, including arterial rupture, dystocia, foal support with ex utero intrapartum treatment, uterine prolapse, postpartum colic, the metritis/sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome complex, and retained fetal membranes. Postpartum colic beyond third-stage labor contractions should prompt comprehensive evaluation for direct injuries to the reproductive tract or indirect injury of the intestinal tract. Mares with perforation or rupture of the uterus are typically recognized 1 to 3 days after foaling, with depression, fever, and leukopenia; laminitis and progression to founder can be fulminant. The same concerns are relevant in mares with retention of fetal membranes.
Subject(s)
Dystocia/veterinary , Horse Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Parturient Paresis/diagnostic imaging , Placenta, Retained/veterinary , Reproduction , Uterine Prolapse/veterinary , Animals , Dystocia/diagnostic imaging , Dystocia/therapy , Elasticity Imaging Techniques/veterinary , Emergencies/veterinary , Extraembryonic Membranes/diagnostic imaging , Female , Hemorrhage/veterinary , Horse Diseases/therapy , Horses , Parturient Paresis/therapy , Parturition , Placenta, Retained/diagnostic imaging , Placenta, Retained/therapy , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , Uterine Prolapse/diagnostic imaging , Uterine Prolapse/therapy , Uterus/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
PROBLEM: Progestins are immunomodulatory in a variety of species. In the horse, the most commonly administered synthetic progestin is altrenogest (ALT), but its effect on the immune system of the non-pregnant mare is unknown. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from diestrous mares were incubated with varying concentrations of progesterone (P4) or ALT to assess intracellular production of IFNγ and the expression of select cytokines. Additionally, ten mares received either ALT or VEH daily utilizing a switchback design beginning on the day of ovulation and continuing for 7 days. Circulating PBMCs and endometrial biopsies were obtained to assess the production and expression of the same cytokines. RESULTS: In vitro, both P4 and ALT caused a dose-dependent decrease in intracellular IFNγ in PBMCs. P4 caused a dose-dependent decrease in the expression of IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-4, while ALT caused an increase in the expression of IL-6 and IL-1ß in PBMCs. In vivo, ALT suppressed the intracellular levels of IFNγ in PBMCs on d6. While control mares experienced a decrease in IL-1ß expression from d0 to d6, ALT-treated mares did not. In the endometrium, ALT increased the expression of IL-1RN and IFNγ in comparison with VEH-treated mares. CONCLUSION: P4 and ALT appear to alter the immune system of the non-pregnant mare both systemically in addition to locally within the endometrium. Further research is necessary to determine the pathways through which this synthetic progestin functions on the immune system of the horse, and the consequences it may have.
Subject(s)
Endometrium/immunology , Horses/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Pregnancy, Animal/immunology , Trenbolone Acetate/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Endometrium/metabolism , Female , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-10/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Ovulation , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Animal/metabolism , Progesterone/blood , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Trenbolone Acetate/blood , Trenbolone Acetate/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, prevention of reproductive disease are vital components of equine veterinary medicine. A thorough understanding of anatomy and physiology is necessary to reconcile the pathologic findings of disease. Only then can a rational treatment plan be formulated. Many recent advances in knowledge about the reproductive system of multiple species have application to the mare and stallion.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases/veterinary , Genital Diseases, Female/veterinary , Genital Diseases, Male/veterinary , Horse Diseases/therapy , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Communicable Diseases/diagnosis , Communicable Diseases/therapy , Female , Genital Diseases, Female/diagnosis , Genital Diseases, Female/therapy , Genital Diseases, Male/diagnosis , Genital Diseases, Male/therapy , Genitalia, Female/immunology , Genitalia, Female/microbiology , Genitalia, Male/immunology , Genitalia, Male/microbiology , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horse Diseases/microbiology , Horses , Humans , Male , PregnancyABSTRACT
Bacteriospermia is a frequent finding in freshly extended porcine semen and can result in detrimental effects on semen quality and longevity if left uncontrolled. The primary source of bacterial contamination is the boar. Other sources that have been identified include environment, personnel, and the water used for extender preparation. A 1-year retrospective study was performed on submissions of extended porcine semen for routine quality control bacteriological screening at the University of Pennsylvania. Out of 250 sample submissions, 78 (31.2%) tested positive for bacterial contamination. The most popular contaminants included Enterococcus spp. (20.5%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (15.4%), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (10.3%), Serratia marcescens (10.3%), Acinetobacter lwoffi (7.7%), Escherichia coli (6.4%), Pseudomonas spp. (6.4%), and others (23.0%). Prudent individual hygiene, good overall sanitation, and regular monitoring can contribute greatly in controlling bacterial load. Strategies that incorporate temperature-dependent bacterial growth and hyperthermic augmentation of antimicrobial activity are valuable for effective control of susceptible bacterial loads. Aminoglycosides remain the most popular antimicrobial class used in porcine semen extenders, with beta-lactam and lincosamide use increasing. With the advent of more novel antimicrobial selection and semen extender compositions in swine, prudent application and understanding of in vitro pharmacodynamics are becoming paramount to industry success in the use of this breeding modality.
