Association between visceral adipose tissue and total testosterone among the United States male adults: a cross-sectional study.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is regarded as an important risk factor for obesity-related diseases. The results of the association between VAT and total testosterone (TT) are controversial and whether this association is nonlinear is still unknown. 3971 male participants who were aged 20-59 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011-2016 were included. VAT area was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. TT in serum was assessed utilizing the isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Linear regression models assessed the associations between VAT area and TT. A restricted cubic spline model was employed to investigate nonlinear relationships. A two-piecewise linear regression model was applied to determine the threshold effect. Subgroup analyses were conducted. The weighted methods were utilized in all analyses. VAT area was inversely associated with TT in the crude and adjusted models. In the fully adjusted model, VAT area was associated with TT (ß = -0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.74, -0.43) and compared to the first tertile of VAT area, the second and the third tertile had a lower TT level, the ß and 95% CI = -65.49 (-83.72, -47.25) and -97.57 (-121.86, -73.27) respectively. We found these inverse associations were nonlinear. The cutoff point of the VAT area was 126 cm2. When the VAT area was <126 cm2, VAT area was significantly associated with a lower TT level (ß = -1.55, 95% CI = -1.93 to -1.17, p < 0.0001). However, when the VAT area was ≥126 cm2, this association was less apparent (ß = -0.26, 95% CI = -0.52 to 0.01, p = 0.06). No significant interactions among different ages (<50 or ≥50 years), marital, and physical activity status were found. These findings underscore the potential for VAT area as a modifiable indicator for improving testosterone deficiency.

Association between sagittal abdominal diameter-to-height ratio and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease among the United States adults: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Abdominal obesity is recognized as a significant determinant of Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), with sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) being considered a more precise indicator of visceral fat. Nevertheless, the association between SAD and ASCVD remains unexplored in large-scale general-population studies. Methods: The study included 11,211 participants aged 20 to 80 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the association between the SAD-to-height ratio (SADHtR) and ASCVD. Subgroup analyses based on age categories, sex, diabetes, and hypertension were conducted to assess result robustness. Results: The median SADHtR value was 0.13 (0.12-0.15), and 1,006 cases (7.46 %) of ASCVD were recorded. Multivariable models showed that each standard deviation increase in SADHtR was positively associated with higher odds of ASCVD (OR 1.48, 95 % CI 1.36-1.62 in model 1; OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.28-1.54 in model 2; OR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.08-1.30 in model 3). Comparing the first quartile of SADHtR to the second to fourth quartiles, positive associations with ASCVD were observed in models 1 and 2. However, in model 3, only the fourth quartile of SADHtR remained statistically significant (OR 1.58, 95 % CI 1.17-2.15), with all p-values for the trend being less than 0.05. No interactions were found in the subgroup analyses. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a positive association between SADHtR and ASCVD in the general adult population of the United States. Our findings indicate that SADHtR, especially when ≥ 0.155, could be a valuable metric for assessing the risk of ASCVD.

Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index is inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue area among U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study.

Obesity is becoming a global health problem. Visceral adiposity is the main cause of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Dietary improvement is the key to controlling obesity. We hypothesized that a higher Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) was associated with a lower visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area. In this cross-sectional study, 10,389 adults were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018. CDAI was calculated based on 6 micronutrients: zinc, selenium, total carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E. VAT area was determined by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between CDAI and VAT area. Subgroup analyses were also performed. The mean age of participants was 39.68 years, 5240 were male, and 3841 of those were non-Hispanic White. The inverse associations were observed in all models. In model 3, CDAI was inversely associated with VAT area as a continuous variable, ß (95% confidence interval), -0.56 (-0.85 to -0.27). When compared with the first tertile, the third tertile of CDAI was also inversely associated with VAT area, ß (95% confidence interval), -6.72 (-10.44 to -2.99). No interactions were found in the subgroup analyses. In conclusion, an inverse association between CDAI and VAT area was found among U.S. adults aged 20 to 59 years. These results suggest the possible benefit of an antioxidant diet in relieving visceral obesity. More prospective studies are needed to identify this dietary benefit.

Association of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the association between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a middle- to older-aged Chinese population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 9015 participants (age 40-79 years) were recruited and grouped into four phenotypes, as follows: NWNT: normal waist-normal triglyceride; NWET: normal waist-elevated triglycerides; EWNT: elevated waist-normal triglycerides; and hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW). Logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the associations between HTGW phenotype and NAFLD. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the utility of waist circumference-triglyceride index (WTI) as a reference factor for screening for NAFLD. RESULTS: HTGW phenotype had a higher prevalence of NAFLD (53.3%), diabetes (19.6%), and hypertension (79.8%) than the other three subgroups. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, HTGW phenotype was associated with NAFLD (odds ratio (OR) 6.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.11-7.32). Further adjusted for potential confounders, the HTGW phenotype was still significantly associated with NAFLD (adjusted OR 5.18; 95% CI 4.30-6.23) regardless of gender. The subgroup analyses generally revealed similar associations across all subgroups. ROC curve analysis showed that when the maximum area under the curve was 0.748, the WTI was 90.1, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 90.6 and 59.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HTGW phenotype is strongly associated with NAFLD and can be used as a reference factor for NAFLD screening.

The association of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype with hypertension: A cross-sectional study in a Chinese middle aged-old population.

The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype and hypertension. We undertook a cross-sectional study with a sample of 9015 adults from China. The HTGW phenotype was defined as elevated waist circumference (WC) and elevated triglyceride (TG) concentration. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the HTGW phenotype and hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in individuals with the HTGW phenotype, than in those with the normal waist normal triglyceride (NWNT) phenotype (89.9% vs 75.3%, respectively, P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, current smoker, and current alcohol consumption, the HTGW phenotype was associated with hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)1.53; 95% CI 1.25-1.87). After further adjustment for potential confounders, the HTGW phenotype was still significantly associated with hypertension (adjusted OR1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.58) regardless of sex. The subgroup analyses generally revealed similar associations across all subgroups. This study indicated that the HTGW phenotype was strongly associated with hypertension, and blood pressure should be clinically monitored in individuals with the HTGW phenotype. We suggested a combined use of hypertriglyceridemia waist phenotype in identifying participants who are at high risk of hypertension.