Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma by pGCsiRNA-vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo.

Background: The early diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma may benefit from specific tumor markers to be used in clinical practice. Objectives: To investigate whether the pGCsiRNA-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can affect the onset and progression of cholangiocarcinoma and its possible mechanism using the targeted therapy of nude mouse model of cholangiocarcinoma with attenuated Salmonella carrying the plasmid pGCsiRNA-VEGF. Methods: The nude mouse model of cholangiocarcinoma was established by tail vein injection of QBC939 cells and given attenuated Salmonella carrying the plasmid pGCsiRNA-VEGF. One month later, the tumor volume of nude mice was observed, and the tumor growth curve was plotted. The harvested tumors were weighed and detected for tissue structural changes and cell death status by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The protein and mRNA expressions of VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9 were detected by Western blotting and PCR, respectively. Results: The tumor volume and weight of the pGCsiRNA-VEGF group were significantly smaller than those of the mock and the si-scramble groups (P < 0.05). The expressions of VEGF, MMP2, and MMP9 at the transcriptional and translational levels were inhibited by pGCsiRNA-VEGF. PGCsiRNA-VEGF promoted tissue apoptosis and destroyed the tissue structure. Conclusions: In vivo silencing of VEGF can affect cell survival and inhibit cell migration, invasion, and development, probably by enhancing apoptosis and inhibiting the expressions of MMP2 and MMP9.

KCoO2-type layered nitrides Ca1-xEuxTiN2: structural stability, electrical properties and Eu coordination chemistry.

Eu2+ was used to substitute Ca in the orthorhombic KCoO2-type layered CaTiN2 to form a Ca1-xEuxTiN2 solid solution, which showed a limited substitution around x = 0.35 with the tetragonality enhanced but the orthorhombic symmetry retained and inaccessibility for the end member EuTiN2. This was in contrast with the full solid solution Ca1-xSrxTiN2, which realized a structural transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal at x = 0.5, even though Eu2+ and Sr2+ ions have similar sizes. The Eu substitution for Ca reduced the dielectric permittivity of CaTiN2 owing to the reduced structural distortion arising from the enhanced tetragonality with the substitution. First-principle theoretical calculations on the total energies and formation energies considering the 4f electrons of Eu ions and the related magnetism were performed to understand the structural stability of the hypothetical EuTiN2. Compared with CaTiN2 and SrTiN2, EuTiN2 has much higher formation energies, making it inaccessible at high temperature. The evolutions of the experimentally observed and calculated lattice parameters of the Ca1-xEuxTiN2 solid solution showed a preference for the orthorhombic phase over the tetragonal phase for the hypothetical EuTiN2, revealing a different coordination chemistry of Eu2+-N to Eu2+-O through the comparison of the structural variations of ATiN2 and ATiO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Eu).

Bulk Synthesis and Transport Properties of Rocksalt-Type Ti1-xMgxN Solid Solution.

Owing to the decomposition issue of Mg3N2, many Mg-containing ternary nitrides were prepared by the hybrid arc evaporation/sputtering technique, which has the advantages including access to the unstable phases, high film purity, good density, and uniform film formation but the drawbacks of cost and long production cycle for the required targets. In the present study, we demonstrate that rocksalt-type Ti1-xMgxN, previously prepared exclusively by the thin-film methods, can be obtained as a disordered cubic phase by the conventional bulk synthesis method through a facile one-step reaction. Employing a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations, we discover that the crystal structure and the physical properties of the as-synthesized Ti1-xMgxN solid solution can be tuned by the Mg content; a metal-to-semiconductor transition and also suppression of the superconducting phase transition are observed when the Mg and Ti content ratio increases to close to 1. Theoretical calculations indicate that the lattice distortions in the disordered Ti1-xMgxN induced by the different ionic sizes of Mg and Ti increase with the Mg content and the disordered cubic rocksalt structures become unstable. The ordered rocksalt-derived structures are more stable than the disordered rocksalt structures on composition x = 0.5. Furthermore, electronic structure calculations provide an insight into the low resistance behavior and transport property evolution of Ti1-xMgxN from the aspects of Ti3+ content, the cation distribution, or nitrogen defects. The results highlight the feasibility of the simple bulk route for the successful synthesis of Mg-containing ternary nitrides and the heterovalent ion substitution on modulating the properties of nitrides.

Bufalin induces apoptosis and autophagy via the Ca2+/CaMKKß/AMPK/Beclin1 signaling pathway in osteosarcoma cells.

Bufalin, a major cardiotonic compound of the traditional Chinese medicine Chanshu has been used for cancer treatment for several years. However, the molecular mechanisms of Bufalin-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma (OS) is not fully understood. In the present study, it was shown that Bufalin induced crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, which resulted in OS cell death. Mechanistically, Bufalin induced autophagy by increased the ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I, and inducing apoptosis via the caspase-dependent pathway. Inhibition of autophagy promoted Bufalin-induced cell death. In contrast, suppression of apoptosis enhanced Bufalin-induced autophagy. In addition, it was found that Bufalin activated the Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ß/AMPK/Beclin1 pathway, which resulted in induction of autophagy. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the means by which Bufalin mediates autophagy and apoptosis in OS cells.

High GNG4 predicts adverse prognosis for osteosarcoma: Bioinformatics prediction and experimental verification.

Background: Guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein subunit γ 4 (GNG4) is closely related to the malignant progression and poor prognosis of various tumours. However, its role and mechanism in osteosarcoma remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the biological role and prognostic value of GNG4 in osteosarcoma. Methods: Osteosarcoma samples in the GSE12865, GSE14359, GSE162454 and TARGET datasets were selected as the test cohorts. The expression level of GNG4 between normal and osteosarcoma was identified in GSE12865 and GSE14359. Based on the osteosarcoma single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset GSE162454, differential expression of GNG4 among cell subsets was identified at the single-cell level. As the external validation cohort, 58 osteosarcoma specimens from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were collected. Patients with osteosarcoma were divided into high- and low-GNG4 groups. The biological function of GNG4 was annotated using Gene Ontology, gene set enrichment analysis, gene expression correlation analysis and immune infiltration analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the reliability of GNG4 in predicting prognostic significance and diagnostic value. Functional in vitro experiments were performed to explore the function of GNG4 in osteosarcoma cells. Results: GNG4 was generally highly expressed in osteosarcoma. As an independent risk factor, high GNG4 was negatively correlated with both overall survival and event-free survival. Furthermore, GNG4 was a good diagnostic marker for osteosarcoma, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of more than 0.9. Functional analysis suggested that GNG4 may promote the occurrence of osteosarcoma by regulating ossification, B-cell activation, the cell cycle and the proportion of memory B cells. In in vitro experiments, silencing of GNG4 inhibited the viability, proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion: Through bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification, high expression of GNG4 in osteosarcoma was identified as an oncogene and reliable biomarker for poor prognosis. This study helps to elucidate the significant potential of GNG4 in carcinogenesis and molecular targeted therapy for osteosarcoma.

Responses of well-aquifer system to four earthquakes and implication for contaminant transport in Changan landfill, China.

Evaluation of aquifer response to earthquakes is important to understanding the evolution of aquifer properties and contaminant transport. In Changan Landfill, a multi parameter monitoring system was installed to collect data every 12 h. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), energy density and wavelet analysis, and tidal analysis were used to reveal the response mechanisms to four earthquakes, sensitivity of various parameters to seismic stimuli, and permeability evolution, respectively. The results showed that the chemical characteristics of two aquifers were distinct. The shallow aquifer was polluted by leachate, and the deep aquifer was less polluted. Coseismic responses were dominated by the deep aquifer and the relative contribution of each aquifer remained stable. Coseismic chemical changes were dominated by the opening and closing of fractures, and the long-term evolution was controlled by seasonality. The deep aquifer had a higher sensitivity to seismic stimuli than the shallow aquifer. Tidal analysis showed that a general permeability decrease during this monitoring period reduced contaminant transport, but some contaminants crossed the aquitard between the two aquifers after the Zizhong earthquake, due to an increase in vertical permeability.

Trends of denosumab-related publications in web of science.

Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets nuclear factor-kappa B ligand and is highly effective in blocking bone resorption. Bibliometrics can intuitively show the research development process, research status, research hotspots and development trend of a certain topic for researchers. This study assessed the course of research and development for denosumab in terms of publications over the past 2 decades. Web of Science databases were searched to identify publications related to research on denosumab from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2022. The VOS Viewer software (version 1.6.17) and Bibliometrix package in R (version 4.1.3) were used in this study. There were 5119 denosumab-related publications during this period. The total number of citations of denosumab-related publications reached 94917. The most articles were published in the field of Endocrinology Metabolism. As an international language, English remains the most popular language for writing papers. Five of the top ten institutions originated in the USA. Through the VOS Viewer analysis, we found that the relationships between Amgen Inc. with its collaborations were grouped into 4 clusters, the USA was the mainland for research and development on denosumab, closely collaborating with many other countries, such as Canada, Japan, England, and China. Wagman RB from USA was the most prolific author with 119 publications. The journal with the most publications was Osteoporosis International (481 publications). The most cited article was "Denosumab for Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis" with 2053 citations. The clinical trial comprised 6 of the 10 most frequently cited publications, and the rest consisted of reviews. The most frequent keywords for publications since January 1, 2014 were "prevention" and "management," indicating that a number of prevention and management measures have been developed to regulate the use of denosumab in treating osteoporosis. Our research provided a comprehensive review of denosumab-related publications, suggesting that the development of denosumab is a long process and numerous clinical trials have been conducted before applications in clinical settings.

Prognostic value of preoperative P-CRP in patients with osteosarcoma: A retrospective study of 101 cases.

This study aimed to investigate the value of the product of peripheral blood platelet and serum C-reactive protein (P-CRP), an inflammatory indicator, for the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. Patients with osteosarcoma who were diagnosed and treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China, between January 2012 and December 2019 were included in this retrospective study. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the optimal cut-off values for inflammatory indicators such as P-CRP, the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CRP/Alb), the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the peripheral blood of patients before treatment. Based on the cut-off values, the patients were divided into high P-CRP and low P-CRP groups, high CRP/Alb and low CRP/Alb groups, high NLR and low NLR groups, and high NLR and low NLR groups; the Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the overall survival (OS) rates and OS times of the above groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the effects of various factors on the prognosis of osteosarcoma and to determine the independent influencing factors. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis results suggested that the OS rate of the high P-CRP group was significantly lower than that of the low P-CRP group (14.0% vs 67.2%, P < .001). The univariate analysis results suggested that tumor volume, tumor stage, NLR, PLR, P-CRP and CRP/Alb were factors that affected the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma, and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). The multivariate analysis results showed that tumor volume (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.061; 95% CI, 1.001-1.125; P = .046) and preoperative P-CRP (HR, 1.037; 95% CI, 1.024-1.050; P < .01) were independent prognostic factors affecting the OS rate after osteosarcoma surgery. The results of our study showed that P-CRP is a novel and promising prognostic indicator for patients with osteosarcoma. The higher the P-CRP level in the peripheral blood of patients is before treatment, the worse the prognosis might be.

Significance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in extremity osteosarcoma: a multicentre retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: At present, no predictive factor has been validated for the early efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in osteosarcoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the response to NACT in extremity osteosarcoma. METHODS: Pathological complete response (pCR) was used to assess the efficacy of NACT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Youden index (sensitivity + specificity-1) were used to determine the optimal cut-off values of the NLR. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression models were conducted to confirm the independent factors affecting the efficacy of NACT. RESULTS: The optimal NLR cut-off value was 2.36 (sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 71.3%). Univariate analysis revealed that patients with a smaller tumour volume, lower stage, lower NLR and lower PLR were more likely to achieve pCR. Multivariate analyses confirmed that the NLR before treatment was an independent risk factor for pCR. Compared to patients with a high NLR, those with a low NLR showed a more than 2-fold higher likelihood of achieving pCR (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.36-5.17, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The NLR is a novel and effective predictive factor for the response to NACT in extremity osteosarcoma patients. Patients with a higher NLR showed a lower percentage of pCR after NACT.

Structural Distortion and Dielectric Permittivities of KCoO2-Type Layered Nitrides Ca1-xSrxTiN2.

Among the KCoO2-type phases, the orthorhombic layered nitride CaTiN2 is a newly reported high dielectric permittivity material (εr ∼ 1300-2500 within 104-106 Hz from 80 to 450 K) while the tetragonal SrTiN2 is reported to display an unintentional metallic conduction property. In this work, a Ca1-xSrxTiN2 solid solution was synthesized, in which the insulating SrTiN2 end member and some Sr-doped CaTiN2 samples were successfully obtained, and therefore, the dielectric properties of the Ca1-xSrxTiN2 solid solution were investigated. The Sr substitution for Ca drove an orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transformation in Ca1-xSrxTiN2, which reduced the dielectric permittivity significantly. The tetragonal SrTiN2 displays a much lower dielectric permittivity (εr ∼ 20-70 in 105-106 Hz and 10-300 K) than that of CaTiN2. The comparison on the dielectric permittivities and structures of CaTiN2 and SrTiN2 indicates that the structural distortion arising from the splitting of N planes between Ti layers within the TiN2 pyramidal layers could be a plausible structural origin of the high bulk dielectric permittivity of CaTiN2.

Core-Shell Structured NiFeSn@NiFe (Oxy)Hydroxide Nanospheres from an Electrochemical Strategy for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable because of the intrinsically sluggish kinetics of OER. Herein, core-shell structured nanospheres of NiFe x Sn@NiFe (oxy)hydroxide (denoted as NiFe x Sn-A) are prepared as active OER catalysts by a facile electrochemical strategy, which includes electrodeposition of NiFe x Sn alloy nanospheres on carbon cloth (CC) and following anodization. The alloy core of NiFe x Sn could promote charge transfer, and the amorphous shell of NiFe (oxy)hydroxide is defect-rich and nanoporous due to the selective electrochemical etching of Sn in alkaline medium. The optimized catalyst of NiFe0.5Sn-A displays a remarkable OER performance with a low overpotential of 260 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 50 mV dec-1, a high turnover frequency of 0.194 s-1 at an overpotential of 300 mV, and a robust durability. Further characterizations indicate that the superior OER performance of the core-shell structured NiFe0.5Sn-A nanospheres might originate from abundant active sites and small charge transfer resistance. This work brings a new perspective to the design and synthesis of core-shell structured nanospheres for electrocatalysis through a facile electrochemical strategy.

Minimally invasive spine surgery decreases postoperative pain and inflammation for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

In certain cases, lumbar spinal stenosis may lead to lumbar nervous disorder. A previous study indicated that minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) presents benefits compared with conventional open surgery (COS). In the current study, the efficacy of MISS and COS for lumbar spinal stenosis patients was investigated. A total of 82 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were enrolled and divided into two age-matched groups that received MISS (n=41) or COS (n=41). Patient parameters, including symptoms, inflammatory score, visual analog score (VAS), wound length, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), hospital stay and postoperative outcomes were analyzed in the current study. Outcomes indicated that both MISS and COS significantly improved symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis compared with the baseline. It was observed that MISS resulted in decreased wound length and hospital stay compared with COS for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. The results revealed that MISS had better outcomes compared with COS in improving ODI and inflammatory score for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Notably, it was identified that MISS exhibited improved VAS for back and leg pain compared with the COS group for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. In conclusion, these outcomes indicate that MISS was more effective compared with COS for improving symptoms in patients with lumbar stenosis.

Mussel-inspired copolymer-coated polypropylene mesh with anti-adhesion efficiency for abdominal wall defect repair.

Polypropylene (PP) meshes are one of the most commonly used prosthesis materials in repairing abdominal wall defects. However, their application is usually limited due to possible serious abdominal adhesions between the mesh and the viscera. Instilling PP meshes with excellent anti-adhesion characteristics is still a formidable challenge. In this work, in order to prevent intestinal adhesion to the PP mesh, an effective method was developed to prepare anti-adhesive PP meshes, which was inspired by mussel adhesive proteins. A functional monomer, namely, dopamine methacrylamide, was first synthesized. Then, it was copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate on the surface of O2-plasma-treated PP (OPP) meshes to form comb-like copolymer poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-dopamine methacrylamide] (PEDMA), which was simultaneously grafted in situ on the OPP mesh surface through the catechol group of PEDMA, subsequently yielding an anti-adhesive PP mesh (OPP-g-PEDMA). The properties of PEDMA and OPP-g-PEDMA meshes were characterized by NMR, GPC, TGA, FTIR, XPS, SEM, and water contact angle measurements. NIH-3T3 cells were employed to assess the cytocompatibility of OPP-g-PEDMA in vitro. Furthermore, the rat abdominal wall defect model was used to evaluate the efficacy of adhesion prevention. The results show that OPP-g-PEDMA not only possesses fantastic biocompatibility but also satisfactory anti-adhesion property involving minimal chronic inflammation, as well as lower adhesion formation rate and adhesion tenacity scores (less than 1.0). This type of OPP-g-PEDMA mesh is a promising candidate in effectively preventing peritoneal adhesion during abdominal wall defect repair.

Assembled anti-adhesion polypropylene mesh with self-fixable and degradable in situ mussel-inspired hydrogel coating for abdominal wall defect repair.

Abdominal adhesion to polypropylene (PP) mesh remains one of the major complications in hernia repair. Thus, a challenge exists to endow PP mesh with powerful anti-adhesion properties in hernia repair. To investigate potential options, the assembled PP mesh was developed with effective anti-adhesion properties through an in situ coating of the mesh surface with self-fixable and biodegradable mussel-inspired hydrogels. Through mixing oxidized-carboxymethylcellulose functionalized with dopamine (OCMC-DA) with carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS), a layer of hydrogel (OCMC-DA/CMCS) can be formed in situ on the PP mesh without the addition of crosslinking agents; the dopamine then acts as an immobilization group to fix these hydrogels to the PP mesh and the tissue surface. In this way, the assembled PP mesh (OCMC-DA/CMCS/PP) was obtained. The properties of the OCMC-DA/CMCS hydrogels were optimized, and the OCMC-DA4/CMCS hydrogel was selected to construct the assembled PP mesh. The lap-shear test revealed that OCMC-DA4/CMCS has tissue-adhesive properties. In vitro cell tests proved the excellent biocompatibility of the hydrogel. An optimized bioabsorption time and significant anti-adhesion properties were demonstrated through an in vivo test with a rat model. The adhesion area and tenacity of the OCMC-DA4/CMCS/PP group were more than 80% lower than those of the native PP mesh group and created a slightly inflammatory reaction.

Poly(dopamine)-inspired surface functionalization of polypropylene tissue mesh for prevention of intra-peritoneal adhesion formation.

Polypropylene (PP), as one of the most common prosthetic materials, has been widely used in intra-peritoneal repair. However, its adhesion to viscera has severely limited its application. Therefore it is critical to improve the PP surface with an anti-adhesion property. In this work, based on dopamine-inspired chemistry, virgin PP (V-PP) mesh was first pretreated with O2 plasma, subsequently dipped in dopamine aqueous solution for 24 h, and then chitosan (CS) was grafted onto it. Finally the anti-adhesion mesh (O-PP/PDA/CS) was obtained. The formation procedure of a PDA/CS ad-layer was characterized by water contact angle measurements, ATR-FTIR, SEM, and XPS. The results show that a PDA/CS ad-layer could be coated on the PP surface efficiently. NIH/3T3 cells were first cultured on O-PP/PDA/CS meshes to evaluate the availability of anti-adhesion and biocompatibility in vitro, and then the efficacy of the PDA/CS-coating as a barrier for reducing postsurgical adhesions was evaluated using a rat abdominal wall defect model. Compared with the V-PP group, NIH/3T3 cells exhibited higher viability in the O-PP/PDA/CS groups as evaluated by the CCK-8 method. In addition, NIH/3T3 cells grow into round-shapes on the O-PP/PDA/CS surface. This indicates that the modification strategy can facilely lead to excellent properties of anti-adhesion. In vivo tests further indicate that O-PP/PDA/CS meshes were effective in reducing adhesion formation.

An Auditory BCI System for Assisting CRS-R Behavioral Assessment in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness.

The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) is a consistent and sensitive behavioral assessment standard for disorders of consciousness (DOC) patients. However, the CRS-R has limitations due to its dependence on behavioral markers, which has led to a high rate of misdiagnosis. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which directly detect brain activities without any behavioral expression, can be used to evaluate a patient's state. In this study, we explored the application of BCIs in assisting CRS-R assessments of DOC patients. Specifically, an auditory passive EEG-based BCI system with an oddball paradigm was proposed to facilitate the evaluation of one item of the auditory function scale in the CRS-R - the auditory startle. The results obtained from five healthy subjects validated the efficacy of the BCI system. Nineteen DOC patients participated in the CRS-R and BCI assessments, of which three patients exhibited no responses in the CRS-R assessment but were responsive to auditory startle in the BCI assessment. These results revealed that a proportion of DOC patients who have no behavioral responses in the CRS-R assessment can generate neural responses, which can be detected by our BCI system. Therefore, the proposed BCI may provide more sensitive results than the CRS-R and thus assist CRS-R behavioral assessments.

Hydroxysulfenylation of electron-deficient alkenes through an aerobic copper catalysis.

A copper-catalyzed hydroxysulfenylation of α,ß-unsaturated esters/amides is reported. The method presents a selective and efficient synthesis of ß-hydroxysulfides bearing electron-withdrawing groups. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by the concise synthesis of the anticancer drug bicalutamide.

Iron-catalyzed acylation-oxygenation of terminal alkenes for the synthesis of dihydrofurans bearing a quaternary carbon.

Iron-catalyzed acylation-oxygenation of terminal alkenes is reported. Acyl radicals generated by the oxidation of aldehydes add to terminal alkenes and followed by intramolecular oxygenation give functionalized 2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives bearing a quaternary carbon.

Benzannulation of indoles to carbazoles and its applications for syntheses of carbazole alkaloids.

A novel and efficient method for the benzannulation of indoles to carbazoles is reported. γ-Carbonyl tert-butylperoxide is applied as a new diene building block for the π-extension of simple indoles. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by concise and selective total syntheses of naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids, olivacine, and asteropusazole A.

The rearrangement of tert-butylperoxides for the construction of polysubstituted furans.

The Brønsted acid catalyzed rearrangement of tert-butyl peroxides provides a new strategy to construct 2,3-disubstituted furans via 1,2-aryl migration. In addition, tert-butyl peroxides could also be transformed into 2,3,5-trisubstituted or 2,5-disubstituted furans through a sequence of base-catalyzed Kornblum-DelaMare rearrangements and acid-promoted Paal-Knorr reactions.