Based on HPLC and HS-GC-IMS Techniques, the Changes in the Internal Chemical Components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fruit at Different Harvesting Periods Were Analyzed.

Schisandra chinensis, as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has clear pharmacological effects such as treating asthma, protecting nerves and blood vessels, and having anti-inflammatory properties. Although the Schisandra chinensis fruit contain multiple active components, the lignans have been widely studied as the primary pharmacologically active compound. The volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis include a large amount of terpenes, which have been proven to have broad pharmacological activities. However, when to harvest to ensure the highest accumulation of pharmacologically active components in Schisandra chinensis fruits is a critical issue. The Schisandra chinensis fruit trees in the resource nursery were all planted in 2019 and began bearing fruit in 2021. Their nutritional status and tree vigor remain consistently good. The content of lignans and organic acids in the fruits of Schisandra chinensis over seven different harvest periods was tested, and the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the lignan content was higher, at 35 mg/g, in late July, and the organic acid content was higher, at 72.34 mg/g, in early September. If lignans and organic acids are to be selected as raw materials for pharmacological development, the harvest can be carried out at this stage. Using HS-GC-IMS technology, a total of 67 volatile flavor substances were detected, and the fingerprint of the volatile flavor substances in the different picking periods was established. It was shown by the results that the content of volatile flavor substances was the highest in early August, and 16 flavor substances were selected by odor activity value (OAV). The variable importance in projection (VIP) values of 16 substances were further screened, and terpinolene was identified as the key volatile flavor substance that caused the aroma characteristics of Schisandra chinensis fruit at different harvesting periods. If the aroma component content of Schisandra chinensis fruit is planned to be used as raw material for development and utilization, then early August, when the aroma component content is higher, should be chosen as the time for harvest. This study provides a theoretical basis for the suitable harvesting time of Schisandra chinensis for different uses, and promotes the high-quality development of the Schisandra chinensis industry.

Study on the Effect of Different Concentrations of SO2 on the Volatile Aroma Components of 'Beibinghong' Ice Wine.

SO2 plays an important role in wine fermentation, and its effects on wine aroma are complex and diverse. In order to investigate the effects of different SO2 additions on the fermentation process, quality, and flavor of 'Beibinghong' ice wine, we fermented 'Beibinghong' picked in 2019. We examined the fermentation rate, basic physicochemical properties, and volatile aroma compound concentrations of 'Beibinghong' ice wine under different SO2 additions and constructed a fingerprint of volatile compounds in ice wine. The results showed that 44 typical volatile compounds in 'Beibinghong' ice wine were identified and quantified. The OAV and VIP values were calculated using the threshold values of each volatile compound, and t the effect of SO2 on the volatile compounds of 'Beibinghong' ice wine might be related to five aroma compounds: ethyl butyrate, ethyl propionate, ethyl 3-methyl butyrate-M, ethyl 3-methyl butyrate-D, and 3-methyl butyraldehyde. Tasting of 'Beibinghong' ice wine at different SO2 additions revealed that the overall flavor of 'Beibinghong' ice wine was the highest at an SO2 addition level of 30 mg/L. An SO2 addition level of 30 mg/L was the optimal addition level. The results of this study are of great significance for understanding the effect of SO2 on the fermentation of 'Beibinghong' ice wine.

Prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative seizures in patients with glioma: A protocol for meta-analysis and systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Early postoperative seizures has been the most common clinical expression in gliomas; however, the incidence and risk factors for early postoperative seizures in gliomas are more controversial. This protocol describes a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the prevalence and risk factors of early postoperative seizures in patients with glioma. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Searches will be conducted on CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library databases and Web of Science for the period from database inception to December 31st, 2023. Case-control and cohort studies of the incidence and risk factors for early postoperative seizures in all gliomas will be included. The primary outcome will be incidence, risk factors. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality evaluation. Review of article screening, extracting data and risk of bias assessment will be repeated by two independent reviewers. RESULT: This study will provide evidence for the risk factors and incidence of early postoperative seizures in patients with glioma. CONCLUSION: Our study will provide evidence for the prevention of early postoperative seizures in glioma patients. TRAIL REGISTRATION: This protocol was registered in PROSPERO and registration number is CRD42023415658.

Diversity of Endophytes of Actinidia arguta in Different Seasons.

The seasonal changes in environmental conditions can alter the growth states of host plants, thereby affecting the living environment of endophytes and forming different endophytic communities. This study employs Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing to analyze the 16SrRNA and ITS rDNA of endophytes in 24 samples of Actinidia arguta stem tissues across different seasons. The results revealed a high richness and diversity of endophytes in Actinidia arguta, with significant seasonal variations in microbial community richness. This study identified 897 genera across 36 phyla for bacteria and 251 genera across 8 phyla for fungi. Notably, 69 bacterial genera and 19 fungal genera significantly contributed to the differences in community structure across seasons. A distinctive feature of coexistence in the endophytic community, both specific and conservative across different seasons, was observed. The bacterial community in winter demonstrated significantly higher richness and diversity compared to the other seasons. Environmental factors likely influence the optimal timing for endophyte colonization. Solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity significantly impact the diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi. In addition, seasonal variations show significant differences in the nutritional modes of fungal endophytes and the degradation, ligninolysis, and ureolysis functions of bacterial endophytes. This study elucidates the potential role of endophytes in assisting Actinidia arguta in adapting to seasonal changes and provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of functional microbial strains.

Risk factors of rupture and mortality for intracranial aneurysms associated with moyamoya disease: a multicenter retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors for aSAH and subsequent death in patients with MMD. METHODS: Chinese Multi-Center Cerebral Aneurysm Database (CMAD) is a multicenter study registered in China. From 2016 to 2021, 181 patients with MMD in CMAD. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for intracranial aneurysm rupture. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were used to risk factors associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysm patients with MMD follow-up events (death). Cumulative survival was described using the Kaplan‒Meier technique. RESULTS: Of 11,686 IA patients, 181 (1.5%) had MMD. In the study, 158 patients with MMD were enrolled. There were 53 ruptured aneurysms and 105 unruptured aneurysms. In multivariate analysis, age (≥ 60 years OR 2.350 [1.008-5.478]), location (middle cerebral artery OR5.431 [1.347-21.889]; posterior circulation arteries OR 3.189 [1.110-9.163]) and aneurysm size (≥ 5 mm OR 2.855 [1.274-6.397], P = 0.011) were associated with intracranial aneurysm rupture in patients with MMD. In the 2-year follow-up time of aSAH patients, 44% (22/50) had favorable outcomes, 14% (7/50) had unfavorable outcomes and 42% (21/50) had death. Hypertension (HR 6.643 [1.620-27.244], P = 0.009) and Hunt-Hess grade (H&H grade IV HR 14.852 [3.151-70.011], P = 0.001; H&H grade V HR 17.697 [3.046-102.842], P = 0.001) were associated with increased mortality. In contrast, both ST (HR 0.168 [0.031-0.921], P = 0.04) and ET (HR 0.289 [0.087-0.957], P = 0.042) achieved good results. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the proportion of MMD in IA patients was approximately 1.5% (181/11686). For patients with cerebral ischemia on admission, revascularization may prevent the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Age ≥ 60 years, location, and aneurysm size ≥ 5 mm were associated with IA rupture. Further analysis showed that being located in the middle cerebral artery was the most relevant risk factor for rupture. Patients with ruptured IA who underwent ST or ET had better clinical outcomes and survival than those who underwent CT; however, hypertension and poor initial Hunt-Hess grade were independent predictors of death.

Flavor Quality Analysis of Ten Actinidia arguta Fruits Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Actinidia arguta is a fruit crop with high nutritional and economic value. However, its flavor quality depends on various factors, such as variety, environment, and post-harvest handling. We analyzed the composition of total soluble sugars, titratable acids, organic acids, and flavor substances in the fruits of ten A. arguta varieties. The total soluble sugar content ranged from 4.22 g/L to 12.99 g/L, the titratable acid content ranged from 52.55 g/L to 89.9 g/L, and the sugar-acid ratio ranged from 5.39 to 14.17 at the soft ripe stage. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that citric, quinic, and malic acids were the main organic acids in the A. arguta fruits. Headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) detected 81 volatile compounds in 10 A. arguta varieties, including 24 esters, 17 alcohols, 23 aldehydes, 7 ketones, 5 terpenes, 2 acids, 1 Pyrazine, 1 furan, and 1 benzene. Esters and aldehydes had the highest relative content of total volatile compounds. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the odor activity value (OAV) revealed that myrcene, benzaldehyde, methyl isobutyrate, α-phellandrene, 3-methyl butanal, valeraldehyde, ethyl butyrate, acetoin, (E)-2-octenal, hexyl propanoate, terpinolene, 1-penten-3-one, and methyl butyrate were the main contributors to the differences in the aroma profiles of the fruits of different A. arguta varieties. Ten A. arguta varieties have different flavors. This study can clarify the differences between varieties and provide a reference for the evaluation of A. arguta fruit flavor, variety improvement and new variety selection.

Integrate prediction of machine learning for single ACoA rupture risk: a multicenter retrospective analysis.

Background: Statistically, Anterior communicating aneurysm (ACoA) accounts for 30 to 35% of intracranial aneurysms. ACoA, once ruptured, will have an acute onset and cause severe neurological dysfunction and even death. Therefore, clinical analysis of risk factors related to ACoA and the establishment of prediction model are the benefits to the primary prevention of ACoA. Methods: Among 1,436 cases of single ACoA patients, we screened 1,325 valid cases, classified risk factors of 1,124 cases in the ruptured group and 201 cases in the unruptured group, and assessed the risk factors, respectively, and predicted the risk of single ACoA rupture by using the logistic regression and the machine learning. Results: In the ruptured group (84.8%) of 1,124 cases and the unruptured group (15.2%) of 201 cases, the multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model shows hemorrhagic stroke history (OR 95%CI, p:0.233 (0.120-0.454),<0.001) and the age stratification of 60-69 years (OR 95%CI, p:0.425 (0.271-0.668),<0.001) has a significant statistic difference. In the RandomForest (RF) model, hemorrhagic stroke history and age are the best predictive factors. Conclusion: We combined the analysis of MLR, RF, and PCA models to conclude that hemorrhagic stroke history and gender affect single ACoA rupture. The RF model with web dynamic nomogram, allows for real-time personalized analysis based on different patients' conditions, which is a tremendous advantage for the primary prevention of single ACoA rupture. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=178501.

Characterization of Key Compounds of Organic Acids and Aroma Volatiles in Fruits of Different Actinidia argute Resources Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS).

Actinidia arguta, known for its distinctive flavor and high nutritional value, has seen an increase in cultivation and variety identification. However, the characterization of its volatile aroma compounds remains limited. This study aimed to understand the flavor quality and key volatile aroma compounds of different A. arguta fruits. We examined 35 A. arguta resource fruits for soluble sugars, titratable acids, and sugar-acid ratios. Their organic acids and volatile aroma compounds were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). The study found that among the 35 samples tested, S12 had a higher sugar-acid ratio due to its higher sugar content despite having a high titratable acid content, making its fruit flavor superior to other sources. The A. arguta resource fruits can be classified into two types: those dominated by citric acid and those dominated by quinic acid. The analysis identified a total of 76 volatile aroma substances in 35 A. arguta resource fruits. These included 18 esters, 14 alcohols, 16 ketones, 12 aldehydes, seven terpenes, three pyrazines, two furans, two acids, and two other compounds. Aldehydes had the highest relative content of total volatile compounds. Using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant method (OPLS-DA) analysis, with the 76 volatile aroma substances as dependent variables and different soft date kiwifruit resources as independent variables, 33 volatile aroma substances with variable importance in projection (VIP) greater than 1 were identified as the main aroma substances of A. arguta resource fruits. The volatile aroma compounds with VIP values greater than 1 were analyzed for odor activity value (OAV). The OAV values of isoamyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, and butanal were significantly higher than those of the other compounds. This suggests that these four volatile compounds contribute more to the overall aroma of A. arguta. This study is significant for understanding the differences between the fruit aromas of different A. arguta resources and for scientifically recognizing the characteristic compounds of the fruit aromas of different A. arguta resources.

Analysis of Volatile Components in Dried Fruits and Branch Exudates of Schisandra chinensis with Different Fruit Colors Using GC-IMS Technology.

To investigate the volatile components of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Bail (commonly known as northern Schisandra) of different colors and to explore their similarities and differences, to identify the main flavor substances in the volatile components of the branch exudates of northern schisandra, and finally to establish a fingerprint map of the volatile components of the dried fruits and branch exudates of northern Schisandra of different colors, we used GC-IMS technology to analyze the volatile components of the dried fruits and branch exudates of three different colors of northern Schisandra and established a fingerprint spectra. The results showed that a total of 60 different volatile chemical components were identified in the branch exudates and dried fruits of Schisandra. The components of germplasm resources with different fruit colors were significantly different. The ion mobility spectrum and OPLS-DA results showed that white and yellow fruits were more similar compared to red fruits. The volatile components in dried fruits were significantly higher than those in branch exudates. After VIP (variable importance in projection) screening, 41 key volatile substances in dried fruits and 30 key volatile substances in branch exudates were obtained. After screening by odor activity value (OAV), there were 24 volatile components greater than 1 in both dried fruits and branch exudates. The most important contributing volatile substance was 3-methyl-butanal, and the most important contributing volatile substance in white fruit was (E)-2-hexenal.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Ten Actinidia arguta Wines Based on Color, Organic Acids, Volatile Compounds, and Quantitative Descriptive Analysis.

Actinidia arguta wine is a low-alcoholic beverage brewed from A. arguta with a unique flavor and sweet taste. In this study, the basic physicochemical indicators, color, organic acid, and volatile aroma components of wines made from the A. arguta varieties 'Kuilv', 'Fenglv', 'Jialv', 'Wanlv', 'Xinlv', 'Pinglv', 'Lvbao', 'Cuiyu', 'Tianxinbao', and 'Longcheng No.2' were determined, and a sensory evaluation was performed. The findings show that 'Tianxinbao' produced the driest extract (49.59 g/L), 'Kuilv' produced the most Vitamin C (913.46 mg/L) and total phenols (816.10 mg/L), 'Jialv' produced the most total flavonoids (477.12 mg/L), and 'Cuiyu' produced the most tannins (4.63 g/L). We analyzed the color of the A. arguta wines based on CIEL*a*b* parameters and found that the 'Kuilv' and 'Longcheng No.2' wines had the largest L* value (31.65), the 'Pinglv' wines had the greatest a* value (2.88), and the 'Kuilv' wines had the largest b* value (5.08) and C*ab value (5.66) of the ten samples. A total of eight organic acids were tested in ten samples via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and we found that there were marked differences in the organic acid contents in different samples (p < 0.05). The main organic acids were citric acid, quinic acid, and malic acid. The aroma description of a wine is one of the keys to its quality. A total of 51 volatile compounds were identified and characterized in ten samples with headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, including 24 esters, 12 alcohols, 9 aldehydes, 3 aldehydes, 2 terpenes, and 1 acid, with the highest total volatile compound content in 'Fenglv'. There were no significant differences in the types of volatile compounds, but there were significant differences in the contents (p < 0.05). An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the odor activity value (OAV) showed that ethyl butanoate, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl crotonate, ethyl isobutyrate, butyl butanoate, 2-methylbutanal, ethyl isovalerate, and ethyl hexanoate were the main odorant markers responsible for flavor differences between all the A. arguta wines. Sensory evaluation is the most subjective and effective way for consumers to judge A. arguta wine quality. A quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of the aroma profiles of ten grapes revealed that the 'fruity' and 'floral' descriptors are the main and most essential parts of the overall flavor of A. arguta wines. 'Tianxinbao' had the highest total aroma score. The flavor and quality of A. arguta wines greatly depend on the type and quality of the A. arguta raw material. Therefore, high-quality raw materials can improve the quality of A. arguta wines. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality of A. arguta wines and demonstrate the application prospects of HS-GC-IMS in detecting A. arguta wine flavors.

Natural Course of Ruptured but Untreated Intracranial Aneurysms: A Multicenter 2-Year Follow-Up Study.

BACKGROUND: The current understanding of untreated ruptured intracranial aneurysms has been limited by study design and inaccurate patient data. Multicenter clinical registry studies on untreated ruptured intracranial aneurysms in Chinese patients are scarce. We aimed to calculate the mortality of patients with untreated ruptured intracranial aneurysms in a current, clearly defined hospital cohort in China, with emphasis on mortality predictors over a 2-year period. METHODS: Patients with saccular untreated ruptured intracranial aneurysms were identified from the Chinese Multicenter Cerebral Aneurysm Database, a multicenter, prospective, observational database registered in China, which involved 32 tertiary medical centers covering 4 northern Chinese provincial regions. Patients with intracranial aneurysms, regardless of ruptured status, shape, age, or comorbidities, were consecutively included in 12 of 32 medical centers between 2017 and 2020. Survival probabilities were computed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors for the cumulative 2-year mortality. We analyzed the reasons for treatment decisions stratified by demographic characteristics and clinical features. RESULTS: For 941 enrolled patients, 58.6% of patients died within 1 month of symptom onset; and 68.1% within 2 years. 98 patients underwent surgical repair during follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified Hunt and Hess grades 3 to 5 (hazard ratio, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.01-2.35]; P=0.047), loss of consciousness at symptom onset (hazard ratio, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.18-2.07]; P=0.002), and largest aneurysm size of ≥5 mm (hazard ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.05-1.59]; P=0.014) as mortality predictors during the 2-year follow-up. Among patients who were successfully followed up, 42.6% (280) of them refused surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with poor Hunt and Hess grades, loss of consciousness at symptom onset, or largest aneurysms ≥5 mm in size showed a high mortality rate. A high number of treatment refusals was present in this study. These findings have implications for medical insurance policy, doctor-patient communication, and popular science education.

ANKRD22 promotes glioma proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating E2F1-mediated MELK expression.

Ankyrin repeat domain protein 22 (ANKRD22) has been implicated in various types of cancers but its expression and potential functions have not been investigated in gliomas. In this study, the high expression of ANKRD22 in gliomas and its correlation with survival were identified based on the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Similar expression trends were observed in glioma tissues and cell lines. Functionally, the loss of ANKRD22 suppressed glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and cell cycle progression in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, ANKRD22 interacted with the E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), thereby upregulating maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) protein expression. Moreover, E2F1 overexpression partly restored ANKRD22 silence-mediated tumor suppressive effects in glioma cells. In conclusion, our data highlight the oncogenic role of ANKRD22 in gliomas via E2F1/MELK signaling, which may serve as a promising target for glioma treatment.

TRIM6 silencing for inhibiting growth and angiogenesis of gliomas by regulating VEGFA.

Gliomas are the highest prevalent primary central nervous system (CNS) cancers with poor overall survival rate. There is an urgent need to conduct more research into molecular therapies targeting critical elements of gliomas. This study herein targeted to assess the impact of tripartite motif protein 6 (TRIM6) on gliomas. Using public databases, we found the increased TRIM6 expression in tissues of glioma which was linked with worst overall survival. Silencing TRIM6 promoted glioma cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, suggesting the promoting effects of TRIM6 on gliomas. Knockdown of TRIM6 expression downregulated the expression levels of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in glioma cells. Afterwards, impact of TRIM6 on VEGFA expression was regulated by FOXM1. VEGFA overexpression reversed the decreased abilities of glioma cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis caused by silencing TRIM6. Furthermore, we also found that TRIM6 promoted the growth of gliomas in the xenograft mouse model. In summary, the expression of TRIM6 was increased which was related to poor prognosis of glioma patients. TRIM6 promoted glioma cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through the FOXM1-VEGFA pathway. Therefore, TRIM6 carries capacity to be explored as a novel therapeutic target in clinical.

Widely Targeted Metabolomics Was Used to Reveal the Differences between Non-Volatile Compounds in Different Wines and Their Associations with Sensory Properties.

In this study, metabolites from six varieties of wines, including 'Haasan' (A1), 'Zuoshaner' (A2), 'Beibinghong' (A3), 'Shuanghong' (A4), 'Zijingganlu' (A5), and 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (A6), were identified and quantified using widely targeted metabolomics analysis techniques. Based on the test results, 1172 metabolites were detected and classified into 18 categories. These include 62 amino acids, 178 alkaloids, 189 flavonoids, 106 phenols, 148 terpenoids, etc. Comparing the differential metabolites between the comparison groups of each variety, differences between varieties based on P-values and VIP values were shown. Among these differential metabolites, Trimethoprim and Crotonoside were screened out as core differential metabolites. Multiple comparisons also screened the biomarkers for each species. We used widely targeted metabolomics to reveal the differences between non-volatile compounds in different wines and their associations with sensory properties. We also used the simultaneous weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to correlate metabolites with sensory traits, including color difference values and taste characteristics. Two of the six key modules were screened by WGCNA for relevance to sensory traits (brown module and turquoise module). This study provides a high-throughput method for linking compounds to various sensory characteristics of food, opening up new avenues for explaining differences in different varieties of wine.

Characterization of the Key Aroma Volatile Compounds in Nine Different Grape Varieties Wine by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), Odor Activity Values (OAV) and Sensory Analysis.

During this study, the physicochemical properties, color, and volatile aroma compounds of the original wines produced from the grape varieties 'Hassan', 'Zuoshaner', 'Beibinghong', 'Zuoyouhong', 'Beta', 'Shuanghong', 'Zijingganlu', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', and 'Syrah' were determined and sensory evaluation was performed. Results indicated that 'Hassan' contained the most solids, 'Zuoshaner' produced the most total acid, residual sugar, total anthocyanin, and total phenol, and 'Shuanghong' produced the most tannin. Calculation of the chroma and hue of the wines according to the CIEL*a*b* parameters revealed that the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' wines were the brightest of the nine varieties and that the 'Zuoshaner' wines had the greatest red hue and yellow hue and the greatest saturation'. A total of 52 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in nine wine samples by HS-GC-IMS analysis, with the most significant number of species detected being 20 esters, followed by 16 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, four ketones, one terpene, and one furan, with the highest total volatile compound content being 'Beta'. A total of 14 volatile components with OAV (odor activity value) >1 were calculated using the odor activity value (OAV) of the threshold of the aromatic compound, and the OPLS-DA analysis was performed by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) using the OAV values of the compounds with OAV values >1 as the Y variable. The VIP (Variable Importance in Projection) values of six compounds, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate-D, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl octanoate, ethyl butanoate-D, and Isoamyl acetate-D, were calculated to be higher than one between groups, indicating that these six compounds may influence aroma differences. It is essential to recognize that the results of this study have implications for understanding the quality differences between different varieties of wines and for developing wines that have the characteristics of those varieties.

Norvancomycin for the treatment of central nervous system MRSA infections: A randomized controlled trial.

Combined intravenous and intrathecal administration of norvancomycin (NVCM) is routinely employed in treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ventriculitis in patients following craniotomy. However, the optimal dosing regimen, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of NVCM in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the clinical outcome are yet to be elucidated. Herein, a single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Neurosurgery Department of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China). Patients with MRSA ventriculitis after craniotomy were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group received 800 mg NVCM intravenously every 12 h, and the experimental group received 800 mg NVCM intravenously every 12 h and 16 mg NVCM intrathecal administration every 24 h. The primary outcome was the length of therapy, while the secondary outcomes included the area under the concentration-time curve in 0-24 h/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (AUC0-24h/MIC) of NVCM in CSF. A total of 29 patients (14 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) were included in this study. Of these, 24 constituted the final analysis population, with 12 in each group. The average length of therapy in the experimental group was markedly shorter than that of the control group (11.2 ± 2.6 days vs. 16.6 ± 5.2 days, P = 0.005), while the AUC0-24h/MIC in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (2306.57 ± 928.58 vs. 46.83 ± 27.48, P < 0.001) with no increase in adverse reactions. Combined intravenous and intrathecal administration can shorten the treatment time of intracranial infection without higher adverse reaction risks in our research. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted to verify its safety and efficacy.

A Retrospective Study of Parietal Lobe Epilepsy: Functional Anatomy and Surgical Treatment.

Context: Parietal lobe epilepsy (PLE) accounts for approximately 5% of all focal epilepsies worldwide,1 and few PLE patients have undergone epilepsy surgery in the past. With the introduction of functional neuroimaging methods, such as interictal fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), stereotactic electroencephalograms (SEEGs), and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), more patients with intractable neocortical epilepsy have been considered for surgical treatment. Objective: The study intended to characterize the clinical features, aura, and presurgical evaluations of patients with PLE, by investigating their demographic and clinical characteristics, and to evaluate the prognostic value of the four diagnostic modalities-MRI, FDG-PET, scalp EEG, and SEEG-in terms of the localization of epileptogenic area. Design: The research team performed a retrospective analysis of outcomes for PLE patients who underwent resistive brain surgery. Setting: The study took place in the Neurosurgery Department of Epilepsy at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University in Shijiazhuang, China. Participants: Participants were 9 PLE patients, 4 males and 5 females, who underwent epilepsy surgery at the hospital between 2017 and 2019. Outcome Measures: The measures included demographic data, seizure data, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, positron emission tomography (PET), and stereotactic electroencephalogram (SEEG). The pathological findings were reviewed. Results: The five participants who had a PET all had positive results. Eight participants who had parietal lobe lesions had an MRI, and four had a stereotactic electroencephalogram (SEEG) that localized the epileptogenic zone. The interictal scalp EEG recordings for seven participants showed an abnormality, and six participants who had ictal surface EEG recordings showed parietal ictal EEG onset. Conclusions: Surgical excision of epileptogenic foci is the main treatment for drug-resistant PLE. Parietal functional anatomy is the basis for understanding and diagnosing PLE. Aura, semiology, interictal EEG, and PET are an important foundation for evaluation of PLE patients, and the SEEG is the most valuable tool, allowing localization of the epileptogenic zone.

Neurosurgical robot-assistant stereoelectroencephalography system: Operability and accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Fine operation has been an eternal topic in neurosurgery. There were many problems in functional neurosurgery field with high precision requirements. Our study aims to explore the operability, accuracy and postoperative effect of robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in neurosurgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with epilepsy who underwent electrode implantation in our hospital. From 2016 to 2019, the epilepsy center of Hebei people's hospital implanted electrodes in neurosurgery on 24 patients, including 20 with SINO robot-assisted SEEG system and eight with frame-SEEG technology. RESULT: Robot-assisted SEEG neurosurgery had higher accuracy, and the mean error of entry and target point was smaller than that of frame SEEG surgery. No bleeding or infection occurred postoperatively, and two patients who underwent robot-assisted SEEG neurosurgery had electrode displacement. Electrode displacement was observed in two patients, both the entry points were orbital frontal, one in the frame system and one in the robot assistant system. The average placement time of each electrode in robot assisted system surgery was less than that in frame system surgery. CONCLUSION: The SINO SEEG electrode implantation assisted by surgical robot-assistant system manufactured in China is safe, accurate and mature.

First Report of Brown Rot of fruit on Vitis amurensis Caused by Monilinia polystroma in China.

Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Amur grape) is a wild grape genetic resource widely distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia, among other places in China (Song et al. 2009) and the Russian Far East and Korean Peninsula. In September 2018, brown rot symptoms were observed at ripening stage on the fruits of a 5-year-old Amur grapevine germplasm resources nursery of the cultivar 'Beibinghong' and a few Russian resources in Zuojia Town, Jilin City, Jilin Province, China. The diseased fruit surface became brown with soft rot and produced buff to brownish-grey sporodochia with conidia. Around 180 plants of 'Beibinghong' were examined which had 8 % incidence. Forty five samples were collected from symptomatic fruits of 15 randomly sampled 'Beibinghong' grape clusters, cut into 5-mm2 pieces of diseased tissue, surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterilized filter paper, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Thirteen monosporic isolates were obtained using the single-spore isolation method with incubation at 25°C and a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. The average colony diameter was 46-49 mm after 4 days of culture on PDA. Colonies were white to grayish with even margins. Irregular black stromatal crusts were observed on the reverse side of dishes 10 days after inoculation. Conidial spores were produced when cultured on cherry agar at 25°C under near-ultravolet light. Spores were single-celled and hyaline, limoniform or ellipsoid, and were produced in branched monilioid chains, 12-22 × 8-13 µm (mean: 15.4 ± 1.03 × 9.01 ± 0.72 µm, n = 50). When conidia were cultured on water agar at 25°C for 18 h, the germ tubes were straight, 700-1,000 µm long, and often with two germ tubes per conidium. Morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Monilinia polystroma (van Leeuwen et al. 2002). To confirm the species identification, two DNA regions of the selected isolate 'VAMPWYZSH8' were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced: the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) was generated using primers ITS1/ ITS4 (Munda 2015) and ß-tubulin (TUB2) was amplified using primers Bt2a/Bt2b (Zhu et al. 2016). A BLAST analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the PCR products revealed 100% identity with two M. polystroma sequences in the NCBI GenBank (KJ814976 for ITS, KR778970 for TUB2). Our sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession nos. MT038413 for ITS and MT038414 for TUB2. On the basis of these results, the isolate was identified as M. polystroma. To confirm pathogenicity, 78 fresh and healthy bunches of 'Beibinghong' grapes at ripening were collected, surface disinfected by immersion in 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile water, then allowed to air dry. Under dry aseptic conditions, the fruits were inoculated using the pin prick method. Each wound was inoculated with 10 µl conidial suspension (106 spore ml-1) and incubated at 25°C with about 90% relative humidity and natural light. Inoculation with water was used as control and the experiment was repeated three times. After a 10-day incubation, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on inoculated fruits, while control fruits were symptomless. The fungus was consistently re-isolated only from diseased fruits and showed the same morphological characteristics as the original isolates, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of M. polystroma on V. amurensis in China. The resulting disease decreases fruit quality and yield, necessitating the development of effective control measures.

Hypertonic saline improves brain edema resulting from traumatic brain injury by suppressing the NF-κB/IL-1ß signaling pathway and AQP4.

Although hypertonic saline (HS) has been extensively applied to treat brain edema in the clinic, the precise mechanism underlying its function remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of HS in brain edema in terms of aquaporins and inflammatory factors. In the present study, traumatic brain injury (TBI) was established in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats, which were continuously administered 10% HS by intravenous injection for 2 days. In addition, brain edema and brain water content were detected by MRI and wet/dry ratio analysis and histological examination, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for albumin and western blotting for occludin, zonula occludens-1 and claudin-5 was performed to evaluate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression was also analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, whilst interleukin (IL)-1ß and NF-κB levels were measured using ELISA. It was demonstrated that HS treatment significantly reduced brain edema in TBI rats and downregulated AQP4 expression in cerebral cortical tissues around the contusion site. In addition, IL-1ß and NF-κB levels were found to be downregulated after 10% HS treatment. Therefore, results from the present study suggested that HS may protect against brain edema induced by TBI by modulating the expression levels of AQP4, NF-κB and IL-1ß.