[Effects of silencing the SEMG1 protein on the cycle and apoptosis of GC-1 spg cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of silencing the semenogelin 1 (SEMG1) protein on the cycle and apoptosis of the spermatogonia germ cell line (GC-1 spg). METHODS: SEMG1-specific siRNA was transfected into GC-1 spg cells by lipofectamine 2000 (the siRNA-SEMG1 group), the relative expression levels of the SEMG1 protein in the GC-1 spg cells of the siRNA-SEMG1, blank control and negative control groups were detected by Western blot, and the apoptosis and cycle of the cells in different groups were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of the SEMG1 protein in the GC-1 spg cells was dramatically decreased in the siRNA-SEMG1 group compared with those in the blank and negative control groups (1.80±0.05 vs 2.51±0.13 and 2.50±0.12， P < 0.01), but the apoptosis rate was remarkably higher in the former than in the latter two groups (ï¼»6.77 ± 0.15ï¼½% vs ï¼»0.70 ± 0.06ï¼½% and ï¼»0.8 ± 0.06ï¼½%, P < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed in the cell cycles among the three groups (P > 0.05). In addition, Western blot showed that the expression of the caspase-3 protein was significantly higher and that of the BCL2 protein markedly lower in the siRNA-SEMG1 than in the blank and negative control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SEMG1-specific siRNA can effectively silence the expression of the SEMG1 protein in GC-1 spg cells and promote their apoptosis.

Changes of Transporters and Drug-metabolizing Enzymes in Nephrotic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters play key roles in drug disposition and drug interactions. The alterations of their expression will influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, the changes in the expression of enzymes and transporters in the disease state are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: Our study was to investigate the changes in the expression of main enzymes and drug transporters distributed in Adriamycin nephropathy rat liver, kidney, and intestine. METHODS: An intravenous injection with a single dose of Adriamycin (6mg/kg) was made to establish Adriamycin nephropathy (AN) model and normal groups were injected with normal saline. Serum was collected for lipid metabolism, renal, and hepatic function measurement. The real-time PCR and western blot were applied to determine the mRNA and protein expression of drug enzymes and transporters. RESULTS: In the kidney, a greater expression of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 Oat2 and Oct2 mRNA was found in AN rats as compared with control rats. In the liver, the expression of Bcrp mRNA was more doubled or tripled than control groups and downregulation of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 and Bsep gene expression was found in AN rats. Besides, we observed a downward trend of Cyp1a2, Cyp3a4 and Cyp2c9 mRNA levels in AN groups. In the duodenum, the expression of Mdr1 and Mrp3 mRNA level was decreased, while Bcrp and Mrp2 mRNA were increased. CONCLUSION: The changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters expression in AN rats were clarified, which may be beneficial for understanding the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clinical drugs and reduce unexpected clinical findings for nephropathy patients.

Systematic Investigation of the Effects of Long-Term Administration of a High-Fat Diet on Drug Transporters in the Mouse Liver, Kidney and Intestine.

BACKGROUND: Long-term intake of a high-fat diet is a crucial factor contributing to obesity, which has become a global public health problem. Progressive obesity subsequently leads to hepatic injury, renal damage and intestinal atrophy. Transporters expressed in the liver, kidney and intestine play important roles in the deposition of nutrients and drugs, but researchers have not clearly determined whether/how the expression of transporters changes after long-term administration of a High-Fat Diet (HFD). This study aims to explore the effects of the long-term administration of a HFD on the expression of drug transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine in mice and to provide useful information for medical applications in the clinic. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a basal diet or HFD for 24 weeks, and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed after 3, 11 and 23 weeks. Serum was obtained to measure lipid metabolism, inflammatory mediators, renal function and hepatic function. Adipose tissues, kidney, pancreas and liver were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining after 4, 12 and 24 weeks. The mRNA and proteins expression of drug transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine were detected using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, long-term HFD administration significantly increased the adipose index. The serum lipid levels, including Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as the levels of the inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated in HFD-induced obese mice. H&E staining revealed pathological changes in the adipose cells, liver, kidney and pancreas from the obese group following the long-term administration of the HFD. The liver of the obese group presented increased mRNA expression of the efflux transporter Mrp2 and uptake transporter Oat2 at 24 weeks. The relative expression of Oat2 increased 4.08-fold and the protein expression of Oat2 was upregulated at 24 weeks in HFD-fed mice, while the mRNA expression of the uptake transporters Oct1, Oatp1b2 and Oatp1a4 decreased by 79%, 61% and 19%, respectively. The protein expression of Oct1 was significantly downregulated in obese mice at 12 weeks. The mRNA expression of the efflux transporter Mdr1a was significantly reduced in HFD-fed mice compared with the control group at 24 weeks. Western blot showed that the trend of protein level of Mdr1 was consistent with the mRNA expression. In the kidney, the level of the Oct2 mRNA increased 1.92- and 2.46-fold at 4 and 12 weeks in HFD-fed mice, respectively. The expression of the Oat1 and Oat3 mRNAs was markedly downregulated in the kidneys of mice with HFD-induced obesity at 4 weeks. The decrease of 72% and 21% in Mdr1a mRNA expression was observed in the obese model at 4 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. Western blot showed that the protein levels of Mdr1 and Oat1 were consistent with the mRNA expression. The qPCR experiments showed a 2.87-fold increase in Bcrp mRNA expression at 24 weeks, and the expression of the Pept1 mRNA increased 2.84-fold in intestines of obese mice subjected to long-term administration of the HFD compared with control mice at 12 weeks. Western blot showed that the trend of protein levels of Mdr1 and Mrp2 were consistent with the mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: The expression of uptake and efflux transporters mRNAs and protein levels were altered in obese mice compared with control mice, providing scientific evidence for future medical applications in the clinic.

[MTBP regulates migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of MTBP in regulating the migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. METHODS: The baseline expressions of MTBP in 3 different human prostate cancer cells lines (22RV1, DU145 and Lncap) were detected using Western blotting. The cells were transfected with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) for MTBP knockdown or MTBP plasmid for MTBP overexpression, and 48 h later, the cells were examined for MTBP expression with Western blotting; the changes in the migration abilities of the cells were evaluated using wound healing assay and Transwell assay, and the cell invasiveness was assessed using Matrigel Transwell assay. The expression of E-cadherin protein, a marker of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), was detected using Western blotting. RESULTS: MTBP expression was the highest in DU145 cells followed by Lncap cells, and was the lowest in 22RV1 cells, indicating a positive correlation of MTBP expression with the level of malignancy of human prostate cancer cells. Transfection of the cells with siRNA or MTBP plasmids efficiently lowered or enhanced the expressions of MTBP in human prostate cancer cells. Wound healing assay showed that inhibition of MTBP expression decreased the migration ability of the prostate cancer cells, and MTBP overexpression significantly promoted the migration of the cells (P < 0.01). Transwell assay showed that MTBP knockdown significantly lowered the migration and invasion ability of the cells, while MTBP overexpression markedly increased the number of migrating and invading cells (P < 0.01); Western blotting results showed that MTBP knockdown increased the expression of E-cadherin protein, and MTBP overexpression decreased E-cadherin expression in the prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: MTBP overexpression promotes the migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells possibly relation to the induction of EMT.

Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. Amelioration Effect on Diabetic Kidney Disease Rats Induced by High Fat Diet Feeding Combined with Streptozotocin.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most serious microvascular complication during the development of diabetes with the characterizations of glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, and glomerular sclerosis, eventually leading to end-stage renal disease. This study aimed to investigate the melioration effect of Codonopisis tangshen Oliv. (COD) on the DKD model, which was established by unilateral nephrectomy (UN)-high fat diet feeding (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ). After the DKD rats were oral treated with COD at a dose of 2.7 mg/kg for 4 consecutive weeks, the blood glucose, lipid metabolism, renal function, inflammatory mediators, and fibrosis-associated proteins were examined. In vivo, the COD administration obviously relieved the weight loss, water intake, and blood glucose; decreased the total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; and improved the renal function by reducing the expression of serum creatinine, uric acid, and urinary protein compared with the model group. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly inhibited by COD. Meanwhile, the deposition of collagen fiber was markedly increased, and the protein and mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor-ß1 and α-smooth muscle actin were markedly elevated in DKD rats, but they were decreased to some extent after the COD treatment. In conclusion, COD exhibited a protective effect on the UN-HFD feeding combined with STZ-induced DKD model by improving the blood glucose and lipid metabolism, relieving the inflammatory response, and mitigating the renal fibrosis, which provided scientific evidence for its applications in clinic.

Asperuloside and Asperulosidic Acid Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages.

Hedyotis diffusa is a folk herb that is used for treating inflammation-related diseases in Asia. Previous studies have found that iridoids in H. diffusa play an important role in its anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanism of five iridoids (asperuloside (ASP), asperulosidic acid (ASPA), desacetyl asperulosidic acid (DAA), scandoside methyl ester (SME), and E-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester (CSME)) that are presented in H. diffusa using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. ASP and ASPA significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in parallel with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. ASP treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of the inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB alpha (IκB-α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The inhibitory effect of ASPA was similar to that of ASP, except for p38 phosphorylation. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of ASP and ASPA are related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and mediators via suppression of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which provides scientific evidence for the potential application of H. diffusa.

Forsythiae Fructus: A Review on its Phytochemistry, Quality Control, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics.

Forsythiae Fructus, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used both as a single herb and in compound prescriptions in Asia, mainly due to its heat-clearing and detoxifying effects. Modern pharmacology has proved Forsythiae Fructus possesses various therapeutic effects, both in vitro and in vivo, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral activities. Up to now, three hundred and twenty-one compounds have been identified and sensitive analytical methods have been established for its quality control. Recently, the pharmacokinetics of Forsythiae Fructus and its bioactive compounds have been reported, providing valuable information for its clinical application. Therefore, this systematic review focused on the newest scientific reports on Forsythiae Fructus and extensively summarizes its phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and standardization procedures, especially the difference between the two applied types-unripe Forsythiae Fructus and ripe Forsythiae Fructus-in the hope of providing a helpful reference and guide for its clinical applications and further studies.

Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits.

Both Rosa roxburghii and R. sterilis, belonging to the Rosaceae, are endemic species in Guizhou Province, China. The fruits of these two species are mixed-used as functional food in the region. Aiming to elucidate the phytochemical characteristics of R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits, the essential oils and constituents in a methanol extract have been analyzed and compared by GC-MS and UFLC/Q-TOF-MS, respectively. As a result, a total of 135 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and 91 components were different between R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits; a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified by UFLC/Q-TOF-MS, including 13 organic acids, 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative; and nine characteristic compounds were found between R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits. This systematic study plays an important role for R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits in the product development.