De novo variants of dominant monogenic disorders in Vietnam detected by a noninvasive prenatal test: a case series.

Background: Noninvasive prenatal tests for monogenic diseases (NIPT-SGG) have recently been reported as helpful in early-stage antenatal screening. Our study describes the clinical and genetic features of cases identified by NIPT-SGG. Materials & methods: In a cohort pregnancy with abnormal sonograms, affected cases were confirmed by invasive diagnostic tests concurrently, with NIPT-SGG targeting 25 common dominant single-gene diseases. Results: A total of 13 single-gene fetuses were confirmed, including Noonan and Costello syndromes, thanatophoric dysplasia, achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta and Apert syndrome. Two novel variants seen were tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC2 c.4154G>A) and Alagille syndrome (JAG1 c.3452del). Conclusion: NIPT-SGG and standard tests agree on the results for 13 fetuses with monogenic disorders. This panel method of screening can benefit high-risk Vietnamese pregnancies, but further research is encouraged to expand on the causative gene panel.

Developing and validating noninvasive prenatal testing for de novo autosomal dominant monogenic diseases in Vietnam.

Background: Over 60% of single-gene diseases in newborns are autosomal dominant variants. Noninvasive prenatal testing for monogenic conditions (NIPT-SGG) is cost-effective and timesaving, but not widely applied. This study introduces and validates NIPT-SGG in detecting 25 monogenic conditions. Methods: NIPT-SGG with a 30-gene panel applied next-generation sequencing and trio assays to confirm de novo variants. Diagnostic tests confirmed NIPT-detected cases. Results: Among 93 pregnancies with ultrasound findings, 11 (11.8%) fetuses were screened and diagnosed with monogenic diseases, mostly with Noonan syndrome. NIPT-SGG determined >99.99% of actual positive and negative cases, confirmed by diagnostic tests. No false-negatives or false-positives were reported. Conclusion: NIPT-SGG effectively identifies the fetuses affected with monogenic diseases, which is a promisingly safe and timely antenatal screening option for high-risk pregnancies.

Prevalence and genetic spectrum associated with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, the need to improve cancer risk awareness, and family cascade testing in Vietnam.

In Vietnam, colorectal cancer is one of the top diagnosed cancers, with 5-10% originating from inherited mutations. This study aims to define the mutation spectrum associated with hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes (HCCS) in Vietnam, evaluate the influence of genetic testing on carriers' awareness, and also investigate the barriers in familial testing. Genetic test reports were collected to identify HCCS cases, then cases underwent a survey investigating self-risk and familial-risk awareness, proactive cancer screening, and familial testing barriers. Participant characteristics, mutation prevalence, and results from the survey were descriptively analyzed and reported. Of all genetic test results, 3% (49/1632) were identified with mutations related to HCCS. Over 77% of them belonged to Lynch syndrome. PMS2 appeared to be the gene with the highest mutation frequency, while MLH1 was the lowest. 44% of cases further undertook cancer screening tests, and 48% of cases' families had uptake genetic testing. The biggest barrier of familial members for not taking genetic test was psychological reasons (fear, not being interested, or not feeling necessary). This study provided new evidence for HCCS mutation spectrum in Vietnamese population and the success in promoting cascade test in high-risk family members through financial and technical support. Also, study has suggested the needs of an innovative genetic testing process focusing on the quality of pre-and post-test consultancy, an increase in follow-ups, and the change in policy for permission of contacting relatives directly to improve the rate of cascade testing and proactive cancer screening.

The mutation spectrum of SLC25A13 gene in citrin deficiency: identification of novel mutations in Vietnamese pediatric cohort with neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis.

BACKGROUND: Citrin deficiency (CD), a disorder caused by mutations in the SLC25A13 gene, may result in neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis. This study was purposely to explore the mutation spectrum of SLC25A13 gene in Vietnamese CD patients. METHODS: The 292 unrelated CD patients were first screened for four high-frequency mutations by PCR/PCR-RFLP. Then, Sanger sequencing was performed directly for heterozygous or undetected patients. Novel mutations identified would need to be confirmed by their parents. RESULTS: 12 pathogenic SLC25A13 mutations were identified in all probands, including three deletions c.851_854del (p.R284Rfs*3), c.70-63_133del (p.Y24_72Ifs*10), and c.[1956C>A;1962del] (p.[N652K;F654Lfs*45]), two splice-site mutations (IVS6+5G>A and IVS11+1G>A), one nonsense mutations c.1399C>T (p.R467*), one duplication mutation c.1638_1660dup (p.A554fs*570), one insertion IVSl6ins3kb (p.A584fs*585), and four missense mutation c.2T>C (p.M1T), c.1231G>A (p.V411M), c.1763G>A (p.R588Q), and c.135G>C (p.L45F). Among them, c.851_854del (mut I) was the most identified mutant allele (91.78%) with a total of 247 homozygous and 42 heterozygous genotypes of carriers. Interestingly, two novel mutations were identified: c.70-63_133del (p.Y24_72Ifs*10) and c.[1956C>A;1962del] (p.[N652K;F654Lfs*45]). CONCLUSION: The SLC25A13 mutation spectrum related to intrahepatic cholestasis infants in Vietnam revealed a quite similar pattern to Asian countries' reports. This finding supports the use of targeted SLC25A13 mutation for CD screening in Vietnam and contributed to the SLC25A13 mutation spectra worldwide. It also helps emphasize the role of DNA analysis in treatment, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis.

Clinical validation of a ctDNA-Based Assay for Multi-Cancer Detection: An Interim Report from a Vietnamese Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study of 2795 Participants.

The SPOT-MAS assay "Screening for the Presence Of Tumor by Methylation And Size" detects the five most common cancers in Vietnam by evaluating circulating tumor DNA in the blood. Here, we validated its performance in a prospective multi-center clinical trial, K-DETEK. Our analysis of 2795 participants from 14 sites across Vietnam demonstrates its ability to detect cancers in asymptomatic individuals with a positive predictive value of 60%, with 83.3% accuracy in detecting tumor location. We present a case report to support further using SPOT-MAS as a complementary method to achieve early cancer detection and provide the opportunity for early treatment.

Genetic landscape and personalized tracking of tumor mutations in Vietnamese women with breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Vietnamese women, but its mutational landscape and actionable alterations for targeted therapies remain unknown. After treatment, a sensitive biomarker to complement conventional imaging to monitor patients is also lacking. In this prospective multi-center study, 134 early-stage breast cancer patients eligible for curative-intent surgery were recruited. Genomic DNA from tumor tissues and paired white blood cells were sequenced to profile all tumor-derived mutations in 95 cancer-associated genes. Our bioinformatic algorithm was then utilized to identify top mutations for individual patients. Serial plasma samples were collected before surgery and at scheduled visits after surgery. Personalized assay tracking the selected mutations were performed to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the plasma. We found that the mutational landscape of the Vietnamese was largely similar to other Asian cohorts, showing higher TP53 mutation frequency than in Caucasians. Alterations in PIK3CA and PI3K signaling were dominant, particularly in our triple-negative subgroup. Using top-ranked mutations, we detected ctDNA in pre-operative plasma in 24.6-43.5% of the hormone-receptor-positive groups and 76.9-80.8% of the hormone-receptor-negative groups. The detection rate was associated with breast cancer subtypes and clinicopathological features that increased the risk of relapse. Interim analysis after a 15-month follow-up revealed post-operative detection of ctDNA in all three patients that had recurrence, with a lead time of 7-13 months ahead of clinical diagnosis. Our personalized assay is streamlined and affordable with promising clinical utility in residual cancer surveillance. We also generated the first somatic variant dataset for Vietnamese breast cancer women that could lay the foundation for precision cancer medicine in Vietnam.

The influence of dietary vegetables and fruits on endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Fruits and vegetables store many bioactive compounds and micronutrients, making their consumption ideal for maintaining good health. A previous meta-analysis in 2007 provided evidence that high vegetable and cruciferous vegetable intake might help prevent endometrial cancer (EC) development. The current study purposely explored the favorable effects of vegetables, fruits, and their other specific types using a review of the most recent papers. We conducted a systematic search through August 2021 in the PubMed and EMBASE databases on this topic, through which twenty-seven studies, consisting of 21 case-control and 6 cohort studies, were obtained. The results showed that vegetables (pooled odds ratio [OR], relative risk [RR], hazard ratio [HR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.91), cruciferous vegetables (pooled OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.94), dark green and yellow/orange combined vegetables (pooled OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.97), and fruits (pooled OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.92) were strongly associated with a reduced risk of EC. These results were primarily based on studies of high quality and exhibited either by case-control only or a combination of case-control and cohort studies. Additionally, the results varied by geographic location, such as Western areas, the US, and Italy. This meta-analysis suggested that the consumption of fruits and vegetables has beneficial effects on EC risk and that specific kinds of fruits and vegetables should be recommended differently due to their outstanding bioactive components.

Tumor genomic profiling and personalized tracking of circulating tumor DNA in Vietnamese colorectal cancer patients.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fifth most common cancer with rising prevalence in Vietnam. However, there is no data about the mutational landscape and actionable alterations in the Vietnamese patients. During post-operative surveillance, clinical tools are limited to stratify risk of recurrence and detect residual disease. Method: In this prospective multi-center study, 103 CRC patients eligible for curative-intent surgery were recruited. Genomic DNA from tumor tissue and paired white blood cells were sequenced to profile all tumor-derived somatic mutations in 95 cancer-associated genes. Our bioinformatic algorithm identified top mutations unique for individual patient, which were then used to monitor the presence of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in serial plasma samples. Results: The top mutated genes in our cohort were APC, TP53 and KRAS. 41.7% of the patients harbored KRAS and NRAS mutations predictive of resistance to Cetuximab and Panitumumab respectively; 41.7% had mutations targeted by either approved or experimental drugs. Using a personalized subset of top ranked mutations, we detected ctDNA in 90.5% of the pre-operative plasma samples, whereas carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated in only 41.3% of them. Interim analysis after 16-month follow-up revealed post-operative detection of ctDNA in two patients that had recurrence, with the lead time of 4-10.5 months ahead of clinical diagnosis. CEA failed to predict recurrence in both cases. Conclusion: Our assay showed promising dual clinical utilities in residual cancer surveillance and actionable mutation profiling for targeted therapies in CRC patients. This could lay foundation to empower precision cancer medicine in Vietnam and other developing countries.

The interaction between glycemic index, glycemic load, and the genetic variant ADIPOQ T45G (rs2241766) in the risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control study in a Korean population.

PURPOSE: The glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and adiponectin level contribute to glycemic response and insulin sensitivity in the body. Studies have shown that tumor development is related to glycemic disorders; however, the results are contradictory. We aimed to investigate the association of GI and GL with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in a Korean population and their possible interactions with the genetic variant ADIPOQ T45G. METHODS AND RESULTS: A case-control study including 2096 participants with 695 CRC cases was conducted. The results showed that diets with high GI or GL were significantly associated with an increased risk of CRC [odds ratio (OR) = 5.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.85-7.68; OR = 4.43, 95% CI 3.18-6.15, respectively; all p-trends < 0.001]. Moreover, even with a low-GI and low-GL diet, G/G genotype carriers may have 2.93-fold and 3.77-fold higher risk of rectal cancer compared to carriers of other genotypes (T/T + T/G), (OR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.01-8.59, p-interaction = 0.011 for GI; OR = 3.77, 95% CI 1.46-9.77, p-interaction = 0.025 for GL). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study suggests positive associations of GI and GL with CRC risk. Moreover, the associations of GI and GL with rectal cancer risk could be modified by ADIPOQ T45G in a Korean population. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.

Coffee consumption and its interaction with the genetic variant AhR rs2066853 in colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in Korea.

The bioactive compounds in coffee have several antioxidant properties that may beneficially impact colorectal cancer (CRC) development. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important transcription factor that regulates an enzyme related to the caffeine metabolism pathway. We investigated the modification effect on coffee of AhR gene polymorphism in the risk of CRC. A case-control study was conducted with 699 cases and 1393 controls to investigate the interaction between coffee intake and the AhR rs2066853 variant in CRC risk. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. We observed a significant protective effect of coffee against CRC in the overall and male populations. Consuming three or more cups of coffee per day may significantly lower CRC risk in all subjects by 77% and in men by 83% (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.39 and OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09-0.34, respectively, P-trends < 0.001). No association between AhR rs2066853 and CRC risk was found. In the dominant model, the G/G genotype had a strongest synergistic effect with coffee on protection against CRC (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.26, P-interaction = 0.014). The interaction remained significant in men and the distal colon cancer subgroup. In the additive model, the interaction was clearly shown strongest in G/G carriers (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06-0.27, P-interaction = 0.039), followed by A/A and G/A carriers. The interaction remained significant in men and the rectal cancer subgroup. In conclusion, the protective effect of coffee on CRC risk might interact with the genetic variant AhR rs2066853, and this joint effect was determined by sex and site-specific cancer.

Riboflavin intake, MTRR genetic polymorphism (rs1532268) and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case-control study.

The vitamin B group, including riboflavin, plays paramount roles in one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and disorders related to this pathway have been linked to cancer development. The variants of genes encoding OCM enzymes and the insufficiency of B vitamins could contribute to carcinogenesis. Very few observational studies have revealed a relationship between riboflavin and gastric cancer (GC), especially under conditions of modified genetic factors. We carried out a study examining the association of riboflavin intake and its interaction with MTRR (rs1532268) genetic variants with GC risk among 756 controls and 377 cases. The OR and 95 % CI were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression models. We observed protective effects of riboflavin intake against GC, particularly in the female subgroup (OR = 0·52, 95 % CI 0·28, 0·97, Ptrend = 0·031). In the MTRR (rs1532268) genotypes analysis, the dominant model showed that the effects of riboflavin differed between the CC and CT + TT genotypes. Compared with CC carriers, low riboflavin intake in T+ carriers was significantly associated with a 93 % higher GC risk (OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·09, 3·42, Pinteraction = 0·037). In general, higher riboflavin intake might help reduce the risk of GC in both CC and TC + TT carriers, particularly the T+ carriers, with marginal significance (OR = 0·54, 95 % CI 0·28, 1·02, Pinteraction = 0·037). Our study indicates a protective effect of riboflavin intake against GC. Those who carry at least one minor allele and have low riboflavin intake could modify this association to increase GC risk in the Korean population.