ABSTRACT
In implantable electrophysiological recording systems, the headstage typically comprises neural probes that interface with brain tissue and integrated circuit chips for signal processing. While advancements in MEMS and CMOS technology have significantly improved these components, their interconnection still relies on conventional printed circuit boards and sophisticated adapters. This conventional approach adds considerable weight and volume to the package, especially for high channel count systems. To address this issue, we developed a through-polymer via (TPV) method inspired by the through-silicon via (TSV) technique in advanced three-dimensional packaging. This innovation enables the vertical integration of flexible probes, amplifier chips, and PCBs, realizing a flexible, lightweight, and integrated device (FLID). The total weight of the FLIDis only 25% that of its conventional counterparts relying on adapters, which significantly increased the activity levels of animals wearing the FLIDs to nearly match the levels of control animals without implants. Furthermore, by incorporating a platinum-iridium alloy as the top layer material for electrical contact, the FLID realizes exceptional electrical performance, enabling in vivo measurements of both local field potentials and individual neuron action potentials. These findings showcase the potential of FLIDs in scaling up implantable neural recording systems and mark a significant advancement in the field of neurotechnology.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficiency of preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (POES) versus intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (IOES) in patients with gallbladder and common bile duct stones. METHODS: Multiple electronic databases were searched for prospective, randomized, controlled trials on the safety and effectiveness of POES versus IOES. And the outcome parameters of clearance rate, post-procedural complications and hospital stay were analyzed. RESULTS: Five trials with 631 patients (POES, n=318; IOES, n=313) were analyzed. Although the overall rates of common bile duct stone clearance were similar between POES and IOES (RR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.91-1.01; P=0.13), the failure rate of CBD cannulation was significantly higher for IOES (RR 2.54, 95% CI: 1.23-5.26; P=0.01) during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The pooled RR after POES for overall complication rates was similar to that for IOES (RR 1.56, 95% CI: 0.94-2.59; P=0.09). However, as compared with IOES, the RR risk of ERCP-related complications was significantly higher for POES (RR 2.27, 95% CI: 1.18-4.40, P=0.01). No significant inter-group differences existed in morbidity after laparoscopic cholecystectomy or subsequent conversion into open surgery. In subgroup analyses, the rates of hemorrhage, perforation, cholangitis, cholecystitis, and gastric ulceration showed no significant inter-group differences. CONCLUSION: With regards to stone clearance and overall complication rate, POES is comparable to IOES in patients with gallbladder and common bile duct stones. However, IOES has a lowered incidence of ERCP-related pancreatitis and a shorter hospital stay.
