Practice Summary of Antimicrobial Therapy for Commonly Encountered Conditions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Canadian Perspective.

Neonates are highly susceptible to infections owing to their immature cellular and humoral immune functions, as well the need for invasive devices. There is a wide practice variation in the choice and duration of antimicrobial treatment, even for relatively common conditions in the NICU, attributed to the lack of evidence-based guidelines. Early decisive treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobials is the preferred clinical choice for treating sick infants with possible bacterial infection. Prolonged antimicrobial exposure among infants without clear indications has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes and increased drug resistance. Herein, we review and summarize the best practices from the existing literature regarding antimicrobial use in commonly encountered conditions in neonates.

Endoscopic Management of Diminutive Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Although duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (dNETs) are rare, the incidence, particularly for lesions ≤ 10 mm, continues to rise with the advent of widely available, high-quality endoscopy. Given their rarity and controversy regarding prognostication factors, limited guidelines exist for resection of well-differentiated, ≤ 20-mm dNETs. Importantly, lesions ≤ 10 mm in a duodenal location are ideal for consideration of endoscopic management given both morbidity and technical challenges associated with surgery and their accessibility to a wide range of endoscopic techniques. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic resection of dNETs <10 mm in a case series and literature review. METHODS: We performed a literature review and present a series of nine cases to demonstrate the viability of endoscopic resection for diminutive dNETs as an alternative to surgery. RESULTS: Our case series included nine well-differentiated diminutive dNETs in seven patients, the majority resected using endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 67%, and there was no residual disease at follow-up. The literature review of 178 patients demonstrated that EMR was the most used method of resection of diminutive dNETs, 81%, compared to endoscopic submucosal dissection, 19%. The most common complication was intraoperative bleeding in 9.55%, and only 2.25% of patients had recurrence. CONCLUSION: While complications may arise with endoscopic resection of diminutive dNETs, they are usually managed endoscopically and compare favorably with the literature on surgical complication rates and typically result in shorter hospitalizations.