[Reasons for non-participation in a patient survey in the context of prehospital emergency medical care by community emergency paramedics - A retrospective observational study]. / Gründe für die Nichtteilnahme an einer Patientenbefragung im Kontext der prähospitalen Notfallversorgung durch Gemeindenotfallsanitäter - eine retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie.

BACKGROUND: In order to evaluate whether the new rescue means "community emergency paramedics" (Gemeindenotfallsanitäter [G-NFS]) relieves the emergency medical service (EMS) in the care of low-priority emergencies, the perspective of general practitioners and patients was also surveyed in a written questionnaire as part of an innovation fund project. Recruitment for participation in the study proved to be difficult. The aim of this study is to evaluate why the G-NFS decided against providing information on study participation and what measures would be necessary to include more emergency patients in surveys in the future. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the assignment protocols from April 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022. In addition to patient characteristics, data on treatments, interventions and recommendations to patients as well as reasons for non-participation in the patient survey were collected. RESULTS: 5,395 G-NFS protocols that contained information on non-participation were included in the analysis. The average age of the patients was 62.4 years (SD 22.7), and 50.2% were female. 57.4% of the cases were categorised as non-urgent, and 35.2% of the cases required an additional ambulance to be alerted. 404 (7.5%) patients used the EMS more than once, 1,120 (20.8%) did not have sufficient language skills, 1,012 (18.8%) patients declined study participation, and 2,975 (55.1%) patients were not able to participate according to the G-NFS assessment. Dementia/neurocognitive impairment (35%), acute/emergency situation (26.5%), mental health impairment (10.3%), and substance abuse (6.5%) were given as reasons for non-participation from the G-NFS perspective. DISCUSSION: The results show that more than half of the patients were unable to take part in a written survey for various reasons, even though there was no need for urgent care. This could be due to a high demand for care and the complex consent procedure. In addition, further resources are required to provide needs-based care for these patients in order to relieve the burden on emergency medical care. Over half of the patients were unable to take part in a written survey for various reasons. Further research is needed to determine what consent procedures are appropriate to facilitate patients' study participation.

[Health Services research in Germany in Times of COVID-19: How Does the Pandemic Influence Research Processes, Methods and the Personal Situation of Researchers? An Online Survey]. / Versorgungsforschung in Deutschland in Zeiten von COVID-19: Wie beeinflusst die Pandemie Forschungsprozesse, Methoden und die persönliche Situation von Forschenden? Eine Online-Befragung.

The COVID-19 pandemic has a massive impact on social life, the healthcare system, and also on health services research. However, the effects of the pandemic on research processes, methods, and the personal situation of researchers has not been investigated so far. Guided by the question of how research processes and methods are adapted to the challenges posed by COVID-19 and how researchers perceive the impact of the pandemic on their personal situation, an online survey of health services researchers was conducted from June to July 2021. The results showed that a large proportion of research projects have had delays due to recruitment and/or data collection issues. Two-thirds of the respondents who had already collected data since the beginning of the pandemic (March 2020) were unable to collect data in the originally planned form and relied primarily on digital data collection methods. The analysis of the open-ended survey responses showed that the pandemic had a massive impact on all phases of the research process: key challenges included difficult field access, problems in achieving planned sample sizes, and concerns about data quality. Regarding their personal situation, researchers perceived the reduction of personal contacts, and the resulting lack of visibility as negative, while at the same time they benefited from the easy digital contact possibilities. Overall, the study provides an initial assessment of how the COVID-19 pandemic affected health services research and researchers. It shows that after the initial "shock" of the first lockdown in March 2020, pragmatic and often innovative ways were found to carry out projects under the pandemic conditions. However, the increased use of digital communication forms and data collection methods brings numerous challenges, but also methodological impulses.

Validation of a patient-reported measure of social support provided by nurses in breast cancer care (SuPP-N): based on a cross-sectional patient survey in 83 German hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To validate the patient-reported measure of Social Support Perceived by Patients Scale-Nurses (SuPP-N). DESIGN/SETTING: A secondary data analysis based on a cross-sectional breast cancer patient survey in 83 German hospitals. Patients were asked to give written informed consent before they were discharged. If they agreed to participate, the questionnaire was sent via mail to their home address after discharge. PARTICIPANTS: Of 5583 eligible patients, 4841 consented to participate in the study and 4217 returned completed questionnaires (response rate: 75.5 %). For the data analysis n=3954 respondents were included. On average, participants were 60 years old and mostly in cancer stages I and II. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived social support was assessed with a three-item patient-reported scale (SuPP-N). Convergent validity and criterion-related validity were tested using the following constructs: trust in nurses, trust in the treatment team (Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale, adapted), quality of life (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire), processes organisation, availability of nurses. RESULTS: The structural equation model (SEM) assuming a one-dimensional structure of the instrument showed acceptable goodness of fit (root mean square error of approximation=0.04, Comparative Fit Index=0.96 and Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96; factor loadings ≥0.83). Hypothesis-consistent correlations with trust in nurses (beta=0.615; p<0.01) and trust in the treatment team (beta=0.264; p<0.01) proved convergent validity. Criterion-related validity was proved by its association with patients' quality of life (beta=-0.138; p<0.01), processes organisation (beta=-0.107; p<0.01) and the availability of nurses (beta=0.654; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results of the SEM identify potential important factors to foster social support by nurses in cancer care. In patient surveys, the SuPP-N can be used efficiently to measure patient-reported social support provided by nurses. The use of the scale can contribute to gain a better understanding of the relevance of social support provided by nurses for patients and to detect possible deficits and derive measures with the aim of improving the patient-nurse interaction.

The Role of Health Literacy in Health Behavior, Health Service Use, Health Outcomes, and Empowerment in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review.

About 8% of all children and adolescents worldwide are affected by chronic diseases. Managing chronic conditions requires pediatric patients to be health literate. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing evidence on the links between health literacy and its outcomes proposed by the model by Sørensen et al. in chronically ill pediatric patients. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were searched to identify pertinent articles published up to November 2021. The search was conducted independently by two researchers and restricted to observational studies. Of 11,137 initial results, 11 articles met eligibility criteria. Overall, 6 studies identified a significant association between health literacy and one of the considered outcomes. Regarding health behavior, none of the studies on adherence found significant associations with health literacy. The results in terms of health service use were inconclusive. Regarding health outcomes, health literacy did not affect most physiological parameters, but it significantly improved health-related quality of life. Overall, evidence remains inconclusive but suggests that health literacy is associated with self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, and health service use in pediatric patients. Further research should be undertaken to strengthen the evidence.

Organizational Health Literacy in a Hospital-Insights on the Patients' Perspective.

Health literacy-sensitive communication has been found to be an important dimension of organizational health literacy measured from the patients' perspective. Little is known about the role of health literacy-sensitive communication in complex care structures. Therefore, our aim was to assess which hospital characteristics (in terms of process organization) and patient characteristics (e.g., age, chronic illness, etc.) contribute to better perceptions of health literacy-sensitive communication, as well as whether better health literacy-sensitive communication is associated with better patient reported experiences. Data were derived from a patient survey conducted in 2020 in four clinical departments of a university hospital in Germany. Health literacy-sensitive communication was measured with the HL-COM scale. Data from 209 patients (response rate 24.2%) were analyzed with a structural equation model (SEM). Results revealed that no patient characteristics were associated with HL-COM scores. Better process organization as perceived by patients was associated with significantly better HL-COM scores, and, in turn, better HL-COM scores were associated with more patient-reported social support provided by physicians and nurses as well as fewer unmet information needs. Investing into good process organization might improve health literacy-sensitive communication, which in turn has the potential to foster the patient-provider relationship as well as to reduce unmet information needs of patients.

Hospital Processes and the Nurse-Patient Interaction in Breast Cancer Care. Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Evidence suggests that organizational processes of hospitals have an impact on patient-professional interactions. Within the nurse-patient interaction, nurses play a key role providing social support. Factors influencing the nurse-patient interaction have seldomly been researched. We aimed to examine whether the process organization in hospitals is associated with breast cancer patients' perceived social support from nurses.; (2) Methods: Data analysis based on a cross-sectional patient survey (2979 breast cancer patients, 83 German hospitals) and information on hospital structures. Associations between process organization and perceived social support were analyzed with logistic hierarchical regression models adjusted for patient characteristics and hospital structures.; (3) Results: Most patients were 40-69 years old and classified with UICC stage II or III. Native language, age and hospital ownership status showed significant associations to the perception of social support. Patients treated in hospitals with better process organization at admission (OR 3.61; 95%-CI 1.67, 7.78) and during the hospital stay (OR 2.11; 95%-CI 1.04; 4.29) perceived significantly more social support from nurses.; (4) Conclusions: Designing a supportive nursing work environment and improving process organization in hospitals may create conditions conducive for a supportive patient-nurse interaction. More research is needed to better understand mechanisms behind the associations found.

Improving professional health literacy in hospitals: study protocol of a participatory codesign and implementation study.

INTRODUCTION: In connection with a hospital stay, patients have to make important health-related decisions. They need to find, understand, assess and apply health-related information, and therefore, require health literacy. Adequately responding to the needs of patients requires promoting the communication skills of healthcare professionals within healthcare organisations. Health-literate healthcare organisations can provide an environment strengthening professionals' and patients' health literacy. When developing health-literate healthcare organisations, it has to be considered that implementing organisational change is typically challenging. In this study, a communication concept based on previously evaluated communication training is codesigned, implemented and evaluated in four clinical departments of a university hospital. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: In a codesign phase, focus group interviews among employees and patients as well as a workshop series with employees and hospital management are used to tailor the communication concept to the clinical departments and to patients' needs. Also, representatives responsible for the topic of health literacy are established among employees. The communication concept is implemented over a 12-month period; outcomes studied are health literacy on the organisational and patient levels. Longitudinal survey data acquired from a control cohort prior to the implementation phase are compared with data of an intervention cohort after the implementation phase. Moreover, survey data from healthcare professionals before and after the implementation are compared. For formative evaluation, healthcare professionals are interviewed in focus groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Oldenburg and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study participants are asked to provide written informed consent. The results are disseminated via direct communication within the hospital, publications and conference presentations. If the intervention turns out to be successful, the intervention and implementation strategies will be made available to other hospitals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DRKS00019830.

Caregiver burden and proxy-reported outcomes of people without natural speech: a cross-sectional survey study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine interrelations between care-related burden on informal caregivers and their proxy assessments of outcomes in people without natural speech. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Data were collected in January 2019 from a postal survey of informal caregivers of people without natural speech who are insured by a large regional health insurance company in the German federal state of Lower Saxony. PARTICIPANTS: n=714 informal caregivers of people without natural speech of all ages and with various underlying disabilities were identified and contacted via the health insurance company. Data from n=165 informal caregivers (26.4%) were obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Caregiver burden (self-reported, Burden Scale for Family Caregivers), pragmatic communication skills of people without natural speech (proxy report, self-developed), health-related quality of life of people without natural speech (proxy report, DISABKIDS Chronic Generic Measure - DCGM-12) and functioning of people without natural speech (proxy report, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0). RESULTS: The analyses revealed significant associations between caregiver burden on the one hand and both proxy-reported health-related quality of life (b=-0.422; p≤0.001) and functioning (b=0.521; p≤0.001) on the other. Adding caregiver burden to the regression model leads to a substantial increase in explained variance in functioning (R² Model 1=0.349; R² Model 2=0.575) as well as in health-related quality of life (R² Model 1=0.292; R² Model 2=0.460). CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver burden should be considered an important determinant when informal caregivers report outcomes on behalf of people without natural speech. Longitudinal studies are recommended to better understand the burdens experienced by caregivers when supporting people without natural speech. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DRKS00013628.

School- and Leisure Time Factors Are Associated With Sitting Time of German and Irish Children and Adolescents During School: Results of a DEDIPAC Feasibility Study.

Objective: The study aims to investigate to what extent school- and leisure time-related factors are associated with sedentary behavior during school in German and Irish children and adolescents. Methods: The study based on a sample of 198 children and adolescents surveyed in 2015. Sedentary and activity behavior were measured using the activPAL physical activity monitor. Information on socio-economic status, school- and leisure-time related factors were provided by questionnaires. Associations between school- and leisure time-related factors and sedentary time during school were estimated using linear multi-level models. Results: Access to play equipment in school was associated with reduced sitting time (hours/day) of children (ß = 0.78; 95%CI = 0.06-1.48). Media devices in bedroom and assessing the neighborhood as activity friendly was associated with increased sitting time of children (ß = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.12-1.72 and ß = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.01-0.60, respectively). The permission to use media devices during breaks was associated with increased sitting time (hours/day) of adolescents (ß = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.06-0.69). A less safe traffic surrounding at school was associated with reduced sitting time of adolescents (ß = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.80 to -0.03). Conclusion: Results suggest that school- and leisure time-related factors are associated to the sedentary behavior during school. We suggest that future strategies to reduce sedentary time should consider both contexts.