HIV knowledge, self-perception of HIV risk, and sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik labor migrants who inject drugs in Moscow.

BACKGROUND: The interplay of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge and self-perception of risk for HIV among people who inject drugs is complex and understudied, especially among temporary migrant workers who inject drugs (MWID) while in a host country. In Russia, Tajik migrants make up the largest proportion of Moscow's foreign labor. Yet, HIV knowledge and self-perceived risk in association with sexual risk behavior among male Tajik MWID in Moscow remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: This research examines knowledge about HIV transmission, self-perception of HIV risk, and key psychosocial factors that possibly contribute to sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik labor MWID living in Moscow. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with 420 male Tajik labor MWID. Modified Poisson regression models investigated possible associations between major risk factors and HIV sexual risk behavior. RESULTS: Of the 420 MWID, 255 men (61%) reported sexual activity in the last 30 days. Level of HIV knowledge was not associated in either direction with condom use or risky sexual partnering, as measured by sex with multiple partners or female sex workers (FSW). Lower self-perceived HIV risk was associated with a greater likelihood of sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.40) and FSW (aPR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59), but was not associated with condom use. Police-enacted stigma was associated with sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49) and FSW (aPR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.54). While depression and lower levels of loneliness were associated with condomless sex (aPR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.24; aPR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.92, respectively), only depression was associated with condomless sex with FSW (aPR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.54). CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention programing for male Tajik MWID must go beyond solely educating about factors associated with HIV transmission to include increased awareness of personal risk based on engaging in these behaviors. Additionally, psychological services to counter depression and police-enacted stigma are needed.

HIV Knowledge, Self-Perception of HIV Risk, and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Male Tajik Labor Migrants who inject Drugs in Moscow.

Background: The interplay of HIV knowledge and self-perception of risk for HIV among people who inject drugs is complex and understudied, especially among temporary migrant workers (MWID) who inject drugs while in a host country. In Russia, Tajik migrants make up the largest proportion of Moscow's foreign labor. Yet, HIV knowledge and self-perceived risk in association with sexual risk behavior among Tajik MWID in Moscow remains unknown. Objective: This research examines knowledge about HIV transmission, self-perception of HIV risk, and key psychosocial factors that possibly contribute to sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik MWIDs living in Moscow. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 420 male Tajik MWIDs. Modified Poisson regression models investigated possible associations between major risk factors and HIV sexual risk behavior. Results: Of the 420 MWIDs, 255 men (61%) reported sexual activity in the last 30 days. Level of HIV knowledge was not associated in either direction with condom use or risky sexual partnering, as measured by sex with multiple partners or female sex workers. Higher self-perceived HIV risk predicted less risky sexual partnering, but not condom use. Depression and police-enacted societal stigma were positively associated with risky sexual partnering, while loneliness and depression were associated with condomless sex. Conclusions: HIV prevention programing for male Tajik MWIDs must go beyond solely educating about factors associated with HIV transmission to include increased awareness of personal risk based on engaging in these behaviors. Additionally, psychological services to counter loneliness, depression, and societal stigma through police harassment are needed.

HIV and Hepatitis C Risk among Tajik Migrant Workers Who Inject Drugs in Moscow.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia continues to grow with most infections occurring in high-risk groups including people who inject drugs and their sexual partners. Labor migrants from this region who inject drugs while in Russia are at especially high HIV risk. Male Tajik migrant workers who inject drugs in Moscow (N = 420) were interviewed prior to a randomized trial of the Migrants' Approached Self-Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS (MASLIHAT) peer-education HIV-prevention intervention. Participants were interviewed about their sex and drug use behavior and tested for HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) prior to the intervention. Only 17% had ever been tested for HIV. Over half of the men reported injecting with a previously used syringe in the past month, and substantial proportions reported risky sexual behavior. Prevalence rates of HIV (6.8%) and HCV (2.9%) were elevated, although lower than expected when compared to estimates of prevalence among people who inject drugs at the national level in Tajikistan. Risk behavior in diaspora varied across the men's regional area of origin in Tajikistan and occupation in Moscow, with HIV prevalence rates highest among those working at the bazaars. Evidence-based prevention approaches and messaging that specifically address the drug- and sex-related risk behavior of migrants with varying backgrounds are needed.

HIV and hepatitis C risk among Tajik migrant workers who inject drugs in Moscow.

Background . The HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia continues to grow with most infections occurring in high-risk groups including people who inject drugs and their sexual partners. Labor migrants from this region who inject drugs while in Russia are at especially high HIV risk. Methods . We recruited 420 male Tajik migrant workers who inject drugs in Moscow for a peer-education HIV prevention intervention trial. Participants were interviewed about their sex and drug use behavior and tested for HIV and hepatitis C prior to the intervention. Results . Over half of the men reported injecting with a previously used syringe in the past month. Many men reported condomless sex (42%), multiple sex partners (30%), and sex with sex workers (42%). Only 17% had ever been tested for HIV. Despite substantial risk behavior, prevalence rates of HIV (6.8%) and HCV (2.9%) although elevated were lower than expected when compared to estimates of prevalence among PWID at the national level in Tajikistan. Risk behavior in diaspora varied across the men’s regional area of origin in Tajikistan and occupation in Moscow with HIV prevalence rates highest among those working at the bazaars. Conclusion . Tajik male migrants who inject drugs in Moscow are at heightened risk for HIV and hepatitis C. Evidence-based prevention approaches and messaging that specifically address the drug- and sex-related risk behavior of migrants from different parts of Tajikistan, employment sectors within the destination city, and socio-demographic background are needed.

Telehealth Reduces Missed Appointments in Pediatric Patients with Tuberculosis Infection.

Pediatric patients with untreated tuberculosis infection (TBI), also called latent TBI, are at risk of progression to active TB disease. The primary aim of this study was to identify factors associated with higher rates of missed appointments and failure to complete therapy for pediatric patients with TBI. A secondary aim was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of telehealth on TBI missed appointment rates. We first performed a retrospective chart review of 129 pediatric patients referred to the free Yale Pediatric Winchester Chest Tuberculosis Clinic from 2016-2019. Associations between demographic/clinical variables and missed appointments/failure to complete therapy were analyzed using univariate and bivariate chi-square tests. Language, lack of primary provider, and distance to clinic were the main contributors to missed appointments and poor treatment adherence. There was an association between the number of missed appointments and failure to complete treatment (p = 0.050). A second cohort of 29 patients was analyzed from January-December 2021 when telehealth was offered for follow-up appointments. Of these follow-up visits, 54% were conducted via telehealth, and the clinic's missed appointment rate dropped significantly from 16.9% to 5.8% during this time frame (p = 0.037). These data demonstrate that telehealth is accepted as an alternative by patients for follow-up TBI visits.

Evaluation of Connecticut medical providers' concordance with 2017 IDSA/SHEA Clostridioides difficile treatment guidelines in New Haven County, 2018-2019.

OBJECTIVES: To assess Connecticut medical providers' concordance (2018-2019) with the 2017 Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) treatment update by the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). The effect of guideline concordance on CDI recurrence risk was also assessed. DESIGN: Prospective, population-based study. SETTING: New Haven County, Connecticut, from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. PATIENTS: CDI incident case (no positive tests in the prior 8 weeks), not limited by care setting. METHODS: Using data from the Emerging Infections Program's CDI surveillance, severity and concordance were defined. Presence of megacolon and/or ileus defined fulminant disease; absence defined nonsevere/severe disease. Using 2017 treatment as baseline, 2018-2019 concordance was defined as receiving the recommended first-line antibiotic (ie, vancomycin or fidaxomicin for adult patients, vancomycin or metronidazole for pediatric patients) for exactly 10 days. For all analyses, significance was P < .05. RESULTS: Among 990 cases, concordance increased from 24.8% in 2018 to 37.0% in 2019. First-line antibiotic concordance increased from 61.2% in 2018 to 79.9% in 2019. Recurrence risk was significantly associated with patients aged ≥65 years and was highest for those aged 75-84 years, but this factor was not significantly associated with concordance. CONCLUSIONS: From 2018 through 2019, CDI treatment in New Haven County increasingly was concordant with the 2017 treatment update but remained low in 2019. Although concordance with treatment guidelines did not affect recurrence risk, close attention should be paid by medical providers to patients aged ≥65 years, specifically those aged 75-84 years because they are at an increased risk for recurrence.

A Cross-Sectional Survey Analyzing Community Perception and Utilization of Village Health Workers Stratified by the Urban-Rural Divide Within the Kingdom of Bhutan.

Village health workers (VHWs) serve as an integral health resource for many resource limited nations, including the Kingdom of Bhutan. As such, we aimed to identify community perceptions as well as utilization rates and types with relation to VHWs based on the urban-rural divide. Our team conducted a randomized survey of 429 community members in 14 villages within the Western region of Bhutan. Our findings indicate VHWs in rural communities are requested for their services twice as much as their urban counterparts. More specifically, urban VHWs are utilized 2.5 times more for general community services, while rural VHWs are utilized more for accessing medications. Additionally, our research indicates a need to increase training of VHWs as well as overall program promotion relating to the specific services that VHWs can provide. These investigations indicate the importance of differentially allocating resources, programming, and training based on the urban-rural divide.

Evaluating the effect of village health workers on hospital admission rates and their economic impact in the Kingdom of Bhutan.

BACKGROUND: Village health workers (VHWs) in Bhutan play an all-encompassing role in supporting the health of their communities. Recent reports from the Bhutan Ministry of Health have indicated a sharp reduction in the number of working VHWs. As such, our work attempts to estimate the cost saved and the number of averted hospital admissions onto the Bhutanese healthcare system and the individuals who are served by these health workers. METHODS: We utilized a dataset from the Bhutan Ministry of Health which encompassed over 95% of all reported disease cases within the nation. We examined the impact that VHWs have on hospital admission rates for eight diseases of interest by using multiple multivariate logistic regression models. Our model allowed us to estimate the potential disease cases averted when the average number of VHWs per health center is increased by one unit. Lastly, we utilized the 2011 "A Costing of Healthcare Services in Bhutan" to estimate the cost saved attributed to VHWs. RESULTS: An average one unit increase of VHWs per health center is associated with a decrease in hospital and clinic admission for diarrhea, dysentery, wound care, depression/anxiety, dental caries, and skin infection, while a non-significant increase was observed for scabies and conjunctivitis. These findings translate to 4604 outpatient visits averted, with $28,637 saved, and 78 inpatient visits averted, with $10,711 saved. These values sum to a total of 4682 yearly averted admissions at health centers, with a total cost savings of $39,348 yearly. Additionally, we estimated a yearly savings of $13,348 in transportation costs and a total of $20,960 saved in wages to the community members that VHWs serve. CONCLUSIONS: VHWs serve as a source of cost-savings for the Kingdom of Bhutan and also act as an economic buffer for more vulnerable communities. The cost-savings associated with these health workers is likely to become more pertinent as the nation begins to develop and healthcare costs increase. It is imperative that proper action be taken to retain these health workers as every VHW who leaves the program increases healthcare costs onto the Bhutanese government.