Tropical grass digestibility assessed by the mobile bag and in vitro methods in horses.

This study aimed to compare the digestibility of tropical grasses by horses by the in vivo method using mobile nylon bags with the in vitro digestibility method using horse feces as a source of inoculum. Five horses were used in a 2 × 5 factorial design with randomized blocks featuring two methods (in vivo and in vitro) and five grasses: Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.), sixweeks threeawn grass (Aristida adsencionis, Linn), Alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc.), capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton, Doell), and Sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis). No difference (P>0.05) was found between the in vivo and in vitro methods regarding nutrient digestibility of Sabi grass and sixweeks threeawn. Tifton 85 was the only grass that showed differences (P<0.05) between the two methods concerning the apparent digestibility of all nutrients. Alexandergrass, Tifton 85, and capim-de-raiz exhibited the best digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and organic matter by the mobile bag method compared to the in vitro method. Tifton 85 and capim-de-raiz had higher crude protein digestibility by the mobile bag method than by the in vitro method. The mean retention time of the mobile bags in the digestive tract of the horses was 43.69 h. The bags with samples of sixweeks threeawn and Sabi grass had shorter retention times than capim-de-raiz and Alexandergrass (P<0.0001). It is concluded that, for sixweeks threeawn and Sabi grass, digestibility in horses can be assessed using the in vitro method in place of the mobile nylon bag method.

Anatomical relationship between mitral valve annulus and circumflex artery and its surgical implications.

BACKGROUND: Performing surgical procedures around the mitral valve (MV) annulus can cause iatrogenic lesions on the circumflex artery (Cx). The risk of this iatrogenesis comes from the proximity between this vessel and the MV annulus. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between the MV annulus and the Cx at different spots of its path and highlight the risks of its damage. METHODS: Fifty cadaveric adult human hearts were studied. Each heart was categorized depending on coronary dominance, and Cx was classified in type 1 (Cx giving off only the left posterior ventricular artery) and type 2 (Cx reaching the crux cordis and giving off the posterior interventricular branch). Three reference spots were chosen: A- when Cx begins to run across the coronary sulcus; B- immediately before the left posterior ventricular artery emerges and C- in the midpoint of the two previous points; to measure the diameter of the Cx and the MV annulus. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 43 (86%) hearts were classified in type 1. These hearts showed that the diameter of the Cx in spot A is bigger than in the B and C spots (P=0.001). The 7 hearts (14%) classified in type 2 did not exhibit a difference in the diameter of the Cx in the A, B and C spots (NS). Also, the thickness of the fibrous annulus, in type 1 and type 2 hearts were not different between the three spots (NS). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the diameter of the Cx varies depending on the heart type. This knowledge might improve the success rate of cardiac surgeries and decrease the rates of iatrogenic Cx lesions.

The Xavante Longitudinal Health Study in Brazil: Objectives, design, and key results.

OBJECTIVE: The Xavante Longitudinal Health Study was developed to permit granular tracking of contemporary health challenges faced by indigenous communities in Brazil, taking into consideration ongoing historical processes that may be associated with increases in child undernutrition, adult obesity, and cardiovascular disease risks. METHODS: This was an open-cohort study with six semiannual data collection waves from 2009 to 2012. The study was undertaken in two Xavante villages, Pimentel Barbosa and Etênhiritipá, State of Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. No sampling technique was used. Data collection placed emphasis on growth and nutrition of children under five and nutrition status, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels of adolescents and adults. RESULTS: Baseline data collection began in July/August 2009 with a population census (656 individuals). Between the first and final waves, the study population increased by 17%. At baseline, stunting and wasting was elevated for most age groups <10 years. Overweight, obesity, and increased risk of metabolic complications were expressive among individuals >17 years, disproportionately affecting females. Anemia was elevated in most age groups, especially among females. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was moderate. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure was relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal marked health disparities relative to the Brazilian national population and a complex dietary health epidemiology involving the double burden of malnutrition, rapidly changing nutritional indicators, and elevated metabolic disease risk. The topically broad multidisciplinary focus permitted construction of the richest longitudinal data set of socio-epidemiological information for an indigenous population in Brazil.

Anatomical study of length and branching pattern of main trunk of the left coronary artery.

The left coronary artery is responsible for the irrigation of important heart structures. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological characteristics of the main trunk of left coronary artery in the Brazilian population and its clinical implications. The study was carried out by using 63 adult human hearts of the human anatomy laboratory of the Federal university of Ceará, Brazil. The hearts were dissected for exposure and analysis of the left coronary artery and its branches. The data collected were statistically analyzed. The main trunk arose from the left aortic sinus under the left atrial auricle in all the 63 hearts. The mean length of the main trunk was 8.53±4.03mm. According to the criteria for the classification of the main trunk length, about 78% were medium-sized. The majority of the hearts (52.38%) showed trifurcation of the main trunk. Anova test followed by the Tukey's post hoc test showed that the main trunk length of hearts with trifurcation was significantly longer when compared with hearts with bifurcation (9.77±4.31mm vs. 6.44±3.01mm; P=0.0029). Similar findings were observed in the main trunk length of the hearts with tetrafurcation in comparison with hearts with bifurcation (10.78±1.4mm vs. 6.44±3.01mm; P=0.0387). This study showed that there is a correlation between the branching pattern and the length of the main trunk. Additionally, we showed that the most common branching pattern of the main trunk is the trifurcation, differing from other Brazilian studies and providing additional information to professionals of cardiology, cardiovascular surgery, and radiology.

Caracterização morfométrica de fêmeas, garanhões e castrados da raça Campolina baseada em índices / Morphometric characterization of Campolina mares, stallions and gelded horses using indexes

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os índices morfométricos para garanhões, machos castrados e fêmeas da raça Campolina, bem como caracterizá-los morfologicamente. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as medidas lineares de 4.840 garanhões, 19.037 fêmeas e 1.371 machos castrados, obtidas no banco de dados do Serviço de Registro Genealógico da ABCCCampolina, com base nas quais nove índices morfométricos foram calculados utilizando-se seis medidas lineares. A análise de variância foi realizada para avaliar o efeito do sexo e da idade sobre os índices obtidos. Verificou-se que ambos os fatores influenciaram os índices morfométricos. Garanhões apresentaram peso calculado aproximado superior tanto às fêmeas quanto aos machos castrados. De acordo com o índice peitoral, todas as categorias foram classificadas como "longe do chão". Em relação aos valores médios dos índices corporal e dáctilo torácico, garanhões e castrados foram classificados como mediolíneos e eumétricos, respectivamente, enquanto as fêmeas foram classificadas como brevilíneas e hipométricas. Conclui-se que os machos castrados e os garanhões da raça Campolina enquadram-se no padrão da raça para animais tipo sela, mas as fêmeas não. Entretanto, os índices de compacidade 1 e 2 apresentam resultados contraditórios e precisam ser melhor avaliados para fins de uso em classificações. Para a maioria dos índices, os animais castrados apresentaram-se melhor proporcionados que as demais categorias.(AU)

The present study aimed to evaluate the morphometric indexes for Campolina stallions, gelded and mare horses, as well as morphologically characterizing them. For this purpose linear measurements from 4.840 stallions, 19.037 mares and 1371 gelded horses were used, obtained from ABCCCampolina's stud book database, from which nine morphometric indexes were calculated from six linear measurements. Analysis of variance was carried out to evaluate the effect of sex and age on the indexes obtained. We found that both factors influenced the morphometric index. Stallions have presented higher estimate body weight values than mares and gelded horses. According to the pectoral index values all categories were classified as far from the ground. According to body index and dactyl thoracic index average values, stallions and gelded horses were classified as medium lined and middleweight, respectively, once the mares were classified as more compact and overweight. It is concluded that Campolina stallions and gelded horses fall within the breed standard for saddle animals, but mares don't. However, the compact indexes 1 and 2 showed contradictory results and need to be better evaluated for its intended use in classifications. For most indexes gelded animals showed better proportion than the other categories.(AU)

Caracterização morfométrica de fêmeas, garanhões e castrados da raça Campolina baseada em índices / Morphometric characterization of Campolina mares, stallions and gelded horses using indexes

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os índices morfométricos para garanhões, machos castrados e fêmeas da raça Campolina, bem como caracterizá-los morfologicamente. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as medidas lineares de 4.840 garanhões, 19.037 fêmeas e 1.371 machos castrados, obtidas no banco de dados do Serviço de Registro Genealógico da ABCCCampolina, com base nas quais nove índices morfométricos foram calculados utilizando-se seis medidas lineares. A análise de variância foi realizada para avaliar o efeito do sexo e da idade sobre os índices obtidos. Verificou-se que ambos os fatores influenciaram os índices morfométricos. Garanhões apresentaram peso calculado aproximado superior tanto às fêmeas quanto aos machos castrados. De acordo com o índice peitoral, todas as categorias foram classificadas como "longe do chão". Em relação aos valores médios dos índices corporal e dáctilo torácico, garanhões e castrados foram classificados como mediolíneos e eumétricos, respectivamente, enquanto as fêmeas foram classificadas como brevilíneas e hipométricas. Conclui-se que os machos castrados e os garanhões da raça Campolina enquadram-se no padrão da raça para animais tipo sela, mas as fêmeas não. Entretanto, os índices de compacidade 1 e 2 apresentam resultados contraditórios e precisam ser melhor avaliados para fins de uso em classificações. Para a maioria dos índices, os animais castrados apresentaram-se melhor proporcionados que as demais categorias.

The present study aimed to evaluate the morphometric indexes for Campolina stallions, gelded and mare horses, as well as morphologically characterizing them. For this purpose linear measurements from 4.840 stallions, 19.037 mares and 1371 gelded horses were used, obtained from ABCCCampolina's stud book database, from which nine morphometric indexes were calculated from six linear measurements. Analysis of variance was carried out to evaluate the effect of sex and age on the indexes obtained. We found that both factors influenced the morphometric index. Stallions have presented higher estimate body weight values than mares and gelded horses. According to the pectoral index values all categories were classified as far from the ground. According to body index and dactyl thoracic index average values, stallions and gelded horses were classified as medium lined and middleweight, respectively, once the mares were classified as more compact and overweight. It is concluded that Campolina stallions and gelded horses fall within the breed standard for saddle animals, but mares don't. However, the compact indexes 1 and 2 showed contradictory results and need to be better evaluated for its intended use in classifications. For most indexes gelded animals showed better proportion than the other categories.

Variation of climatic elements and thermoregulatory responses of goats in the Brazilian semi-arid / Variação dos elementos climáticos e respostas termorreguladoras de caprinos no semiárido brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of climate elements in different times of day on the thermoregulatory mechanisms of Saanen goats pure and crossbred » saanen+ ¾ Boer, reared in intensive system in semi-arid of Paraiba. Sixteen goats were used, eight females pure Saanen and eight crossbred » Saanen + ¾ Boer, distributed in a DIC in a factorial scheme 2x12 (two races and twelve different times). Evaluated the environmental and physiological parameters in the different times: from 6 to 17 hours. In the environmental parameters is observed that IBGT increase during the day reaching its maximum value (84.16) at 13 hours. After 10 h of ambient temperatures exceeded the ZCT for goats. For TR observed that there was statistical difference between the genetic groups in times of 7, 10 and 16 hours, and the highest means found in the crossbreed and times of 13, 14,15 and 17 hours. For FR, the group of pure saanen and times of 14h showed the highest means. In the TS there was no effect of genetic groups. The variation of environmental temperature influences directly the physiological responses of animals. The group saanen is less tolerant than the crossbred, to semi-arid.(AU)

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência dos elementos do clima nos diferentes horários do dia sobre os mecanismos termorreguladores de cabras puras Saanen e mestiças » Saanen + ¾ Boer, criadas em sistema intensivono semiárido paraibano. Utilizou-se 16 cabras, 8 fêmeas puras da raça Saanen e 8 mestiças » Saanen + ¾ Boer, distribuídas em um DIC (delineamento inteiramente casualizado) em esquema fatorial 2x12(duas raças e dozehorários diferentes). Avaliaram-se os parâmetros ambientais e fisiológicos nos diferentes horários: das 6 às 17 horas. Nos parâmetros ambientais observa-se que o ITGU aumenta no decorrer do dia atingindo seu valor máximo (84,16) às 13 horas. A partir das 10 h as temperaturas ambientes ultrapassaram a ZCT para caprinos. Para a TR observa-se que houve diferença estatística entre os grupos genéticos nos horários das 7, 10 e 16 horas, e as maiores médiasencontradas nos mestiços e nos horários das 13, 14,15 e 17 horas. Para a FR, o grupo das puras Saanen e horários das 14h apresentaram as maiores médias. Na TS não houve efeito dos grupos genéticos. A variação da temperatura ambiente influencia diretamente as respostas fisiológicas dos animais. O grupo Saanen é menos tolerante ao clima semiárido do queos mestiços.(AU)

Variation of climatic elements and thermoregulatory responses of goats in the Brazilian semi-arid / Variação dos elementos climáticos e respostas termorreguladoras de caprinos no semiárido brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of climate elements in different times of day on the thermoregulatory mechanisms of Saanen goats pure and crossbred » saanen+ ¾ Boer, reared in intensive system in semi-arid of Paraiba. Sixteen goats were used, eight females pure Saanen and eight crossbred » Saanen + ¾ Boer, distributed in a DIC in a factorial scheme 2x12 (two races and twelve different times). Evaluated the environmental and physiological parameters in the different times: from 6 to 17 hours. In the environmental parameters is observed that IBGT increase during the day reaching its maximum value (84.16) at 13 hours. After 10 h of ambient temperatures exceeded the ZCT for goats. For TR observed that there was statistical difference between the genetic groups in times of 7, 10 and 16 hours, and the highest means found in the crossbreed and times of 13, 14,15 and 17 hours. For FR, the group of pure saanen and times of 14h showed the highest means. In the TS there was no effect of genetic groups. The variation of environmental temperature influences directly the physiological responses of animals. The group saanen is less tolerant than the crossbred, to semi-arid.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência dos elementos do clima nos diferentes horários do dia sobre os mecanismos termorreguladores de cabras puras Saanen e mestiças » Saanen + ¾ Boer, criadas em sistema intensivono semiárido paraibano. Utilizou-se 16 cabras, 8 fêmeas puras da raça Saanen e 8 mestiças » Saanen + ¾ Boer, distribuídas em um DIC (delineamento inteiramente casualizado) em esquema fatorial 2x12(duas raças e dozehorários diferentes). Avaliaram-se os parâmetros ambientais e fisiológicos nos diferentes horários: das 6 às 17 horas. Nos parâmetros ambientais observa-se que o ITGU aumenta no decorrer do dia atingindo seu valor máximo (84,16) às 13 horas. A partir das 10 h as temperaturas ambientes ultrapassaram a ZCT para caprinos. Para a TR observa-se que houve diferença estatística entre os grupos genéticos nos horários das 7, 10 e 16 horas, e as maiores médiasencontradas nos mestiços e nos horários das 13, 14,15 e 17 horas. Para a FR, o grupo das puras Saanen e horários das 14h apresentaram as maiores médias. Na TS não houve efeito dos grupos genéticos. A variação da temperatura ambiente influencia diretamente as respostas fisiológicas dos animais. O grupo Saanen é menos tolerante ao clima semiárido do queos mestiços.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments on Enterococcus faecalis: chlorhexidine versus octenidine.

AIM: To determine the viability of Enterococcus faecalis in infected human root dentine in vitro after exposure to root canal medicaments based on chlorhexidine and octenidine. METHODOLOGY: Human root segments (n = 40) were infected with E. faecalis for 8 weeks. Root dentine samples (rd) collected at week 4 served as individual baseline values. At week 8, the root segments were randomly divided into four test groups (n = 10 each) for the placement of one of the following medicaments in the root canals: calcium hydroxide paste (CH), chlorhexidine gel (CHX-gel) (5.0%), chlorhexidine/gutta-percha points (CHX-GP) (active points(®) ; Roeko, Langenau, Germany) and octenidine gel (OCT-gel) (5.0%) followed by incubation for 4 weeks. The effect on E. faecalis viability was assessed by two fluorescent dyes (syto 9/propidium iodide) to determine the 'proportion of viable bacteria' (PVB%) and number of 'colony-forming units' (CFU). Mean values and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for PVB% and log CFU, and the difference between groups was established. RESULTS: Viable and dead bacterial cells were detected in all 'rd' samples at weeks 4 and 8. The treatment with CHX-gel, CHX-GP and OCT-gel resulted in significantly lower PVB% values with 15.4%, 3.5% and 0%, respectively. No growth (CFU) was recorded for these samples at week 12. When medicated by CH, the PVB% was increased without a corresponding change in CFUs. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to calcium hydroxide, both CHX - and octenidine-based intracanal medicaments were effective in decreasing the viability of E. faecalis. OCT showed the most favourable results and may have potential as an endodontic medicament.

Matrix isolation FTIR spectroscopic and theoretical study of 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243).

The molecular structure and infrared spectrum of the atmospheric pollutant 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243) were characterized experimentally and theoretically. The theoretical calculations show the existence of two conformers, with the gauche (G) and trans (T) orientation around the HCCC dihedral angle. Conformer G was calculated to be more stable than form T by more than 10 kJ mol (-1). In consonance with the large predicted relative energy of conformer T, only the G form was identified spectroscopically in cryogenic argon (10 K) and xenon (20 K) matrices prepared from room-temperature equilibrium vapor of the compound. The observed infrared spectra of the matrix-isolated HCFC-243 were interpreted with the aid of high-level density functional theory calculations and normal coordinate analysis. For experimental identification of the weakest IR absorption bands, the spectrum of HCFC-243 in the neat solid state at 145 K was obtained. This spectrum also confirmed the sole presence of the G conformer in the sample. Natural bond orbital and atomic charge analyses were carried out for the two conformers to shed light on the most important intramolecular interactions in the two conformers, in particular those responsible for their relative stability.

Enseñanza de la técnica quirúrgica sobre la base de evidencias / Teaching of the surgical technique on the base of evidences

La aplicación de las herramientas que ofrece la medicina basada en evidencias en el campo de la cirugía y concretamente en la enseñanza de la técnica, han tenido posiciones a favor o en contra. El rechazo más vigoroso, se basa en las dificultades que se encuentran los investigadores para sus proyectos y la ejecución de estudios clínicos controlados. La visión propuesta involucra otras actividades, entre ellas la posición crítica ante la literatura, el análisis clínico y metodológicos de los estudios publicados, generación de preguntas de investigación y la ejecución de investigaciones de acuerdo con el problema planteado, objetivos y preguntas de investigación. Se pretende presentar la revisión documental de la bibliografía que sustenta, de manera crítica, sistemática, cuidadosa y ordenada, en la aplicación de MBE, a objeto de hacer descripciones e interpretaciones que garanticen la objetividad de la literatura (MEDLINE), manteniendo la relación con el significado de la enseñanza de la técnica quirúrgica general y particular sobre la base de evidencias

Autosomal dominant cornea plana: clinical findings in a Cuban family and a review of the literature.

Cornea plana may occur in connection with malformations of the eye or of other parts of the body. As an isolated ocular anomaly, it may be inherited in an autosomal recessive or in an autosomal dominant fashion. We have previously mapped genes for both forms of the disease to 12q21. We studied 36 members of three generations of a Black Cuban family with autosomal dominant cornea plana. Three affected males and 11 affected females were examined. Corneal refraction varied between 37.50 and 42.75 diopters. Horizontal corneal diameter ranged from 8.75 to 11.25 mm. The cornea was clear and the limbal zone only occasionally widened. A marked arcus senilis was present in six patients aged 30 to 58 years, but in none of their healthy relatives. The anterior chamber was shallow in those affected, varying in depth from 1.68 to 2.38 mm. One woman was blind from closed-angle glaucoma. The axial length was within normal limits in all patients.

Postmortem drug analysis of meconium in early-gestation human fetuses exposed to cocaine: clinical implications.

Postmortem analysis of meconium from three human fetuses exposed to cocaine demonstrated the presence of cocaine in the meconium of a 17-week-old fetus and evidence that the concentration of cocaine in meconium is related to the amount and time of cocaine use by the mother during pregnancy. The latter observation was confirmed in a rat model.

Caracteristicas del crecimiento fisico durante las primeras seis semanas de vida en 272 ninos de bajo peso.Barquisimeto 1976-82. / Characteristics of the physical growth during the first 6 weeks of life in 272 low birth weight children. Barquisimeto 1976-82

Se realizo un analisis de las curvas ponderales de 272 ninos de bajo peso, durante seis semanas de seguimiento a traves del Servicio de Pediatria Social del Departamento de Pediatria del Hospital Central "Antonio Maria Pineda", de Barquisimeto.El promedio de peso dia fue de 21,7 grs./dia.Se senala el periodo tardio en que se inicia el ascenso de la curva de peso.Se menciona la paridad como variable importante en el numero de ninos de bajo peso no adecuados a su edad gestacional, la patologia neonatal y la edad de gestacion como variables que influyen en el crecimiento de las primeras semanas de vida.Se plantea la necesidad de detectar precozmente los retardos de crecimiento intrauterino para hacer una evaluacion exhaustiva y tomar las medidas que aseguren los menores riesgos de malnutricion e infeccion por los efectos nocivos que tienen sobre el desarrollo fisico y mental posterior del nino