New solid surface fluorescence methodology for lead traces determination using rhodamine B as fluorophore and coacervation scheme: Application to lead quantification in e-cigarette refill liquids.

A new environmental friendly methodology based on fluorescent signal enhancement of rhodamine B dye is proposed for Pb(II) traces quantification using a preconcentration step based on the coacervation phenomenon. A cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and potassium iodine were chosen for this aim. The coacervate phase was collected on a filter paper disk and the solid surface fluorescence signal was determined in a spectrofluorometer. Experimental variables that influence on preconcentration step and fluorimetric sensitivity have been optimized using uni-variation assays. The calibration graph using zero th order regression was linear from 7.4×10(-4) to 3.4 µg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Under the optimal conditions, a limit of detection of 2.2×10(-4) µg L(-1) and a limit of quantification of 7.4×10(-4) µg L(-1) were obtained. The method showed good sensitivity, adequate selectivity with good tolerance to foreign ions, and was applied to the determination of trace amounts of Pb(II) in refill solutions for e-cigarettes with satisfactory results validated by ICP-MS. The proposed method represents an innovative application of coacervation processes and of paper filters to solid surface fluorescence methodology.

Fluorescence method using on-line sodium cholate coacervate surfactant mediated extraction for the flow injections analysis of Rhodamine B.

An on-line surfactant mediated extraction method in a flow injection analysis format with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of Rhodamine B (RhB) in food condiments. The sample was extracted using the phase separation behavior exhibited by the bile salt surfactant, sodium cholate (NaC), upon addition of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in the presence of acid at room temperature. The RhB in the sample was incorporated into the NaC/SDS coacervate phase which was then collected on a glass-wool packed mini column from which it was subsequently eluted using a 1.00 mol L(-1) HCl solution. The inherent fluorescence (λex=555 nm; λem=575 nm) of RhB was employed for detection. Good linearity (r(2)=0.9933) was obtained over the concentration range 0.4-4794-479.0 µg L(-1) RhB. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were 0.12 and 0.40 µg L(-1), respectively. The method was successfully applied for analysis of RhB in food condiments and spiked samples. The average recoveries ranged from 95.3% to 118.9% at spiked concentration levels of 1.19 and 2.39 µg L(-1). Under optimized conditions, a throughput of 50 samples per hour was achieved. The proposed method may be a valuable tool not only for quality control of food condiments and similar food confectioneries but for the analysis of a variety of other RhB-containing samples as well.

Quantification of caffeine in dietary supplements and energy drinks by solid-surface fluorescence using a pre-concentration step on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and Rhodamine B.

A new method for the determination of caffeine, a non-fluorescent analyte, based on the enhancement of the fluorescence of Rhodamine B dye on a membrane filter modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes is proposed. The method comprises pre-concentration of caffeine on a solid support by chemofiltration in buffered solution onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes previously oxidised and dispersed in cationic surfactant admicelles. The effect of experimental parameters, including the nature of the buffer and pH, the nature of the solid support, filtration flow rate, dye and carbon nanotube concentration, and the nature of the surfactant and concentration were investigated by means univariation assays. Under optimum experimental conditions, the pre-concentration system gave detection and quantification limits of 0.3 and 1.1 µg l(-1), respectively. A wide linear range was achieved varying from concentrations of 1.1 to 9.7 × 103 µg l(-1) (r(2) = 0.999). Satisfactory recovery values were obtained using the method of standard addition, confirming the feasibility of this method for caffeine determination in energising dietary supplements and energy drinks.

Caffeine monitoring in biological fluids by solid surface fluorescence using membranes modified with nanotubes.

BACKGROUND: In this work, a new methodology based upon enhancement of rhodamine B fluorescent signal is proposed for the quantification of caffeine traces. METHODS: Membrane filters treated with multiple wall carbon nanotubes were employed as solid support for determination step by solid surface fluorescence. RESULTS: Experimental variables that influence the preconcentration step and fluorimetric sensitivity have been optimized using uni-variation assays, presenting linearity from 1.1 to 9.7×10(3) µg/l, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. At optimal conditions, a limit of detection of 0.3 µg/l and a limit of quantification of 1.1 µg/l were obtained. The method showed good sensitivity and adequate selectivity and was satisfactorily applied to the determination of trace amounts of caffeine in urine, plasma and serum belonging to subjects with different sex, ages and habit of caffeine intake. CONCLUSIONS: Chemofiltration step eliminated the highly fluorescent matrix, thus enabling and allowing CF quantification, in the presence of other methylxanthines. The proposed methodology represents an innovative application of the solid surface fluorescence using membrane filters modified with MWCNTs.

Evaluation of carbon nanotubes as chiral selectors for continuous-flow enantiomeric separation of carvedilol with fluorescent detection.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are proposed as chiral selectors for separation of carvedilol stereoisomers beginning since its racemic mixture. The novel developed FIA-methodology employs a microcolumn (mC) packed with a few milligrams of SWNT which showed to be effective in S(-) and R(+) carvedilol separation. Attending to spectral properties of analytes, molecular fluorescence was employed in the detection step. Separation of carvedilol enantiomers was achieved in less than 70s with an acceptable resolution factor of 3.16. Variables that influence the chiral separation such as pH and composition of eluent solution, sample injection volume and flow rate, activation mode of NTs and mass of the same in column have been examined in detail. At optimal operational conditions, well repeatability was achieved using the same column for more than 100 injections, putting in evidence the stability of nanomaterial and the efficacy and versatility of the proposed FIA-configuration. The new methodology was successfully applied to S(-) and R(+) carvedilol quantification in pharmaceutical preparations, resulting an attractive alternative to traditional separative methods being fast, simple, using low cost instrumentation and producing scarce waste.

Cadmium monitoring in saliva and urine as indicator of smoking addiction.

Cadmium is one of the many substances that may be acquired through active and passive smoking of tobacco. Saliva and urine are proposed for cadmium monitoring of non-smokers, second hand smokers, smokers and tobacco chewing appertaining to San Luis citizens without occupational exposition. Biological samples were collected by the same subjects, under strict proceeding instructions of sampling. Physical characteristics of samples were observed and checked with commercial test. Samples were analyzed using an adapted molecular fluorescence methodology with a previous extraction step. Stability of biological samples was daily studied for a period of one month. The method was successfully validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity. The simplicity and low coefficient of variance confirm the suitability of the method for urinary and salivary cadmium analyses. On the other side, the obtained results are in concordance with previous national epidemiological dates.

Solid surface spectroscopic methodology for ultra-trace urinary nickel monitoring in smokers and non-smokers' subjects.

Nickel chemical enrichment on nylon membranes previously treated with eosin (eo) is proposed for subsequent quantification by spectrofluorimetry (lambda(em)=547 nm, lambda(exc)=515 nm). Operational variables which have influence on quantitative metal retention have been studied. At optimal experimental conditions, quantitative recovery was reached (superior to 99%), with a detection limit of 0.13 ng L(-1) and quantification limit of 0.44 ng L(-1). The calibration sensitivity was of 6x10(13) ng L(-1) for the new methodology with a linear range of 0.44-410 ng L(-1) Ni(II). The tolerance levels, respect to cations and anions as potential interferents, were studied, with good results. The methodology was validated by standard addition method and satisfactorily applied to urinary nickel determination of 50 subjects including smokers, second hand smokers and non-smokers' samples without previous treatment. Stability of biological samples was daily studied for a period of 1 month. Within-day precision was better than 0.02 CV. The reproducibility (between-day precision) was also evaluated over 3 days by performing six determinations each day with a CV of 0.052. The different groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test with satisfactory results.

Determination of cadmium at ultra-trace levels by CPE-molecular fluorescence combined methodology.

A highly sensitive micelle-mediated extraction methodology for the preconcentration and determination of trace levels of cadmium by molecular fluorescence has been developed. Metal was complexed with o-phenanthroline (o-phen) and eosin (eo) at pH 7.6 in buffer Tris medium and quantitatively extracted into a small volume of surfactant-rich phase of PONPE 7.5 after centrifugating. The chemical variables affecting cloud point extraction (CPE) were evaluated and optimized. The RSD for six replicates of cadmium determinations at 0.84 microg L(-1) level was 1.17%. The linearity range using the preconcentration system was between 2.79 x 10(-3) microg L(-1) and 2.81 microg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Under the optimal conditions, it obtained a LOD of 8.38 x 10(-4) microg L(-1) and LOQ of 2.79 x 10(-3) microg L(-1). The method presented good sensitivity and selectivity and was applied to the determination of trace amounts of cadmium in commercially bottled mineral water, tap water and water well samples with satisfactory results. The proposed method is an innovative application of CPE-luminescence to metal analysis comparable in sensitivity and accuracy with atomic spectroscopies.

Derivatized silver nanoparticles as sensor for ultra-trace nitrate determination based on light scattering phenomenon.

New silver nanoparticles coated with EDTA (EDTA-AgNPs) have been synthesized by citrate reduction method and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, molecular fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The derivatized nanoparticles show fluorescent emission and second order scattering (SOS) signals which in presence of nitrate are both attenuated. The SOS decreasing is greater than its fluorescent quenching; considering this fact, a new ultra sensitive methodology using the derivatized silver nanoparticles as sensor for nitrate determination has been developed. Under optimal established conditions, a linear response has been obtained within the range of 6.4 x 10(-4) to 3.0 microg mL(-1) nitrate concentrations, with a detection limit of 1.8 x 10(-4) microg mL(-1). This novel technique provides a sensitive and selective methodology for nitrate determination and has been satisfactorily applied to its quantification in parenteral solutions.

Determination of terazosin by cloud point extraction-fluorimetric combined methodology.

A new sensitive and selective preconcentration-fluorimetric method for determination of terazosin based on its native fluorescence was developed. The analyte, initially present in aqueous matrix, was treated with an extractive non-ionic surfactant solution and separated by the clouding phenomenon. The optimum analytical conditions for terazosin assay were established. Under these conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained over the range of 1x10(-5) to 7.0 microg mL(-1) with detection and quantification limits of 1.11x10(-5) and 3.7x10(-5)microg mL(-1), respectively. Additionally, the binding constant (K(B)) for the terazosin-PONPE 7.5 system was determined given a value of 1028 L mol(-1). The developed coupled methodology, which thoroughly satisfies the typical requirements for pharmaceutical control processes, was proved to be appropriate for monitoring terazosin in actual pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid sample. The results were validated by recovery test and by comparison with other reported methods, being highly satisfactory.

Determination of lead in human saliva by combined cloud point extraction-capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection.

A micelle-mediated phase separation without added chelating agents to preconcentrate trace levels of lead in human saliva as a prior step to its determination by capillary electrophoresis has been developed. The enrichment step is based on the cloud point extraction of lead with the non-ionic surfactant PONPE 7.5 in the absence of chelating agent. The surfactant-rich phase was diluted with acetonitrile and the resultant solution was injected directly into the CE instrument. Factors affecting the combined methodology such as surfactant-rich phase diluting agent, buffer pH and concentration, applied voltage, sample preparation and presence of additives were studied in detail. A BGE of 20 mM imidazole containing 30% acetonitrile, pH 6.20 was found to be optimal for the separation of lead from other saliva constituents. Indirect detection was performed at 205 nm. The detection limit value of lead for the preconcentration of 8 ml of saliva was 11.4 microg l(-1). The calibration graph using the preconcentration system was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 at levels near the detection limits up to at least 400 microg l(-1). The reproducibility (R.S.D.) on the basis of migration time and peak area were better than 0.68 and 3.6%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of lead in human saliva.

Assessment of trace aluminium content in parenteral solutions by combined cloud point preconcentration-flow injection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

A micelle-mediated phase separation without added chelating agents to preconcentrate trace levels of aluminium in parenteral solutions as a prior step to its determination by flow injection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry has been developed. The enrichment step is based on the cloud point extraction of aluminium with the non-ionic surfactant polyethyleneglycolmono-p-nonylphenylether (PONPE 7.5). The chemical variables affecting the sensitivity of the extractive-spectrometric procedure were studied in detail. After optimization, a preconcentration factor of 200 and a %E higher than 99.9 were achieved. The detection limit (DL) value of aluminium for the preconcentration of 50 ml of parenteral solution was 0.25 microgl(-1). The calibration graph using the preconcentration system for aluminium was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 at levels near the DLs up to at least 200 microgl(-1). The developed hyphenated assay, which thoroughly satisfies the typical requirements for pharmaceutical control processes, is appropriate to monitor the aluminium concentration in parenteral nutrition.