Mid-arm muscle circumference cutoff points in patients with cirrhosis: Low muscle mass related to malnutrition predicts mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Muscle loss is one of the phenotypic criteria of malnutrition, is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis, and is associated with adverse outcomes. Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) estimates the skeletal muscle mass and is especially helpful in cases of fluid overload. This study aimed to propose MAMC cutoff points for patients with cirrhosis and demonstrate its association with 1-year mortality. METHODS: This is an analysis of cohort databases from five reference centers in Brazil that included inpatients and outpatients with cirrhosis aged ≥18 y. The nutritional variables obtained were the MAMC (n = 1075) and the subjective global assessment (n = 629). We established the MAMC cutoff points stratified by sex based on the subjective global assessment as a reference standard for malnutrition diagnosis, considering the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index. An adjusted Cox regression model was used to test the association of MAMC cutoff points and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: We included 1075 patients with cirrhosis, with a mean age of 54.8 ± 11.3 y; 70.4% (n = 757) male. Most patients had alcoholic cirrhosis (47.1%, n = 506) and were classified as Child-Pugh B (44.7%, n = 480). The MAMC cutoff points for moderate and severe depletion were ≤21.5 cm and ≤24.2 cm; ≤20.9 cm and ≤22.9 cm for women and men, respectively. According to these cutoff points, 13.8% (n = 148) and 35.1% (n = 377) of the patients had moderate or severe MAMC depletion, respectively. The 1-year mortality rate was 17.3% (n = 186). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for sex, age, MELD-Na, and Child-Pugh scores, a severe depletion in MAMC was an independent increased risk factor for 1-year mortality (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.24-2.35, P < 0.001). Each increase of 1 cm in MAMC values was associated with an 11% reduction in 1-year mortality risk (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.94, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Low MAMC classified according to the new cutoff points predicts mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis and could be used in clinical practice.

Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease who regularly consume fruits and vegetables present lower prevalence of disease activation: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Exclusion diets are common practices among individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Reports that certain foods trigger or worsen symptoms are recurrent but lack evidence. The aim of the study was to identify which foods were most frequently avoided by patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and whether the consumption of any food group was associated with disease activity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with adult patients seen at an outpatient clinic in a tertiary public hospital. Dietary intake and eating habits were accessed through questionnaires administered via telephone interview. Disease activity and symptoms were assessed using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (IHB) for CD and the Lichtiger Index (LI) for UC. Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to estimate prevalence ratios. Analyzes were performed using SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS: The study included 145 patients. Of these, 69.7% avoided certain foods, with citrus fruits and raw vegetables among the most avoided (16.8% and 13.8%, respectively). Regular consumption of fruits (PR = 0.56; CI 95% 0.32-0.97; p = 0.042) and vegetables (PR = 0.56; CI 95% 0.32-0.98; p = 0.045) was associated with a 44% lower prevalence of the active phase of the disease, compared to those who do not consume these foods, adjusted for age, sex and type of disease. Other food items did not present significant associations in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake appears to have a protective role in the recurrence of IBD. Excluding foods is a common practice, even among patients in remission, and this should be combated as it can lead to nutritional losses. It is important to reinforce with patients the benefits of a varied and less restrictive diet.

Malnutrition screening tool and malnutrition universal screening tool as a predictors of prolonged hospital stay and hospital mortality: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Different nutrition screening tools have been proposed to screen inpatients, although, there is still no consensus regarding the reference method for identifying patients at nutritional risk. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the concurrent and predictive validity of the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) to identify inpatients at nutritional risk. METHODS: Data from electronic medical records were collected from adult and elderly inpatients in wards of a public tertiary hospital (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil) over one year. Only the first nutritional evaluation was considered for each patient. GLIM criteria was used for malnutrition status (concurrent validity) and hospital stay length and mortality were outcomes to predictive validity. RESULTS: A total of 5270 patients were included in this study. The mean patient age was 59 ± 16 years old, and 50.7% were males. More than 60% of the patients (65.8%) were admitted to a surgical unit, 63.8% had mild disease-related metabolic stress, 50.7% experienced prolonged hospital stays (more than ten days), and 1.9% of the patients died. Considering the availability of nutritional data, it was possible to perform nutritional screening of 98.1% of patients by MST and 96.7% of patients by MUST. A higher proportion of patients at risk were identified by MUST (53.6%) as compared to MST (21.3%; P < 0.001). MST had 89.9% of Specificity, 60.4% of PPV, 94.6% of NPV, and a moderate agreement with malnutrition by GLIM criteria (κ = 0.591; P < 0.001). A prolonged hospital stay was positively associated with the classification of nutritional risk based on both screening tools. Death was positively associated with nutritional risk by MST (hazard ratio [HR] 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-3.16) and by MUST (HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.00-3.18) after adjustment based on sex, age, admission type (surgical or clinical), and disease-related metabolic stress. CONCLUSIONS: MST may be good concurrent validity to malnutrition by GLIM criteria as compared to MUST. However, both risk nutritional tools were positively associated with predicting a prolonged hospital stay and mortality.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: The ELSA-Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, we enrolled 15,105 adults, aged 35-74 years, who were employees from six public education and research institutions to assemble the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). We used a food frequency questionnaire to assess UPF consumption (measured in grams per day) at baseline. We then assessed the outcomes of those returning to visits between 2012 and 2014 and between 2017 and 2019. We defined incident MetS by the presence of at least three of the following five abnormalities: high fasting glucose level, high triglyceride level, low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and abdominal obesity, after excluding those meeting such criteria at baseline. We also excluded those who had missing data or an implausible energy intake, leaving 8,065 participants in the study. RESULTS: The median age was 49 years, 59% of participants were women, and the median consumption of UPFs was 366 g/day. After 8 years, there were 2,508 new cases of MetS. In robust Poisson regression, adjusting for sociodemographics, behavioral factors, and energy intake, we found a 7% (relative risk [RR] 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.08) higher risk of incident MetS for an increase of 150 g/day in UPF consumption. Similarly, those in the fourth quartile (compared with the first quartile) had a 33% increased risk (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.20-1.47). Further adjustment for BMI attenuated these associations (for 150 g/day increases in UPF consumption and for the fourth quartile compared to the first one, respectively, RR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06; RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Greater consumption of UPFs is associated with an increased risk of MetS. These findings have important implications for diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention and management.

LIVER INJURY INDUCED BY HERBAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: A POOLED ANALYSIS OF CASE REPORTS.

BACKGROUND: The intake of dietary supplements and medicinal plants is very popular worldwide. However, these products are not innocuous, and their intake can cause severe damage to health, especially liver injury. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the clinical cases of dietary supplements-induced liver injury (DSILI) and herb-induced liver injury (HILI), identifying the main products involved and the clinical outcomes related to them. METHOD: A literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and LILACS databases, using the search terms: "Chemical and Drug-Induced Liver Injury", "Dietary Supplements" and "Herbal" and their synonyms. RESULTS: 189 articles were included in the study, totaling 428 clinical cases of drug-induced liver injury. The most frequent agents of liver injury were Herbalife® products, associated with 50 cases, Polygonum multiflorum, with 25 cases, Hydroxycut® products, and green tea, both associated in 19 cases, and Oxyelite Pro® and kava tea, both associated with 16 cases. Most individuals required hospitalization (82.6%) and an important number of cases evolved to death (3.6%), liver transplantation (8.9%), or chronic liver disease (1.9%). CONCLUSION: The indiscriminate use of dietary supplements and herbal products was associated with an alarming number of cases of liver injury. The mechanisms through which each of the products causes liver damage still need to be better understood, but this review is a warning about the risk associated with the use of products considered harmless by a large part of the population.

Lesão hepática induzida por ervas e suplementos alimentares: uma análise agrupada de estudos de caso / Liver injury induced by herbal and dietary supplements: a pooled analysis of case reports

ABSTRACT Background: The intake of dietary supplements and medicinal plants is very popular worldwide. However, these products are not innocuous, and their intake can cause severe damage to health, especially liver injury. Objective: This study aims to describe the clinical cases of dietary supplements-induced liver injury (DSILI) and herb-induced liver injury (HILI), identifying the main products involved and the clinical outcomes related to them. Method: A literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and LILACS databases, using the search terms: "Chemical and Drug-Induced Liver Injury", "Dietary Supplements" and "Herbal" and their synonyms. Results: 189 articles were included in the study, totaling 428 clinical cases of drug-induced liver injury. The most frequent agents of liver injury were Herbalife® products, associated with 50 cases, Polygonum multiflorum, with 25 cases, Hydroxycut® products, and green tea, both associated in 19 cases, and Oxyelite Pro® and kava tea, both associated with 16 cases. Most individuals required hospitalization (82.6%) and an important number of cases evolved to death (3.6%), liver transplantation (8.9%), or chronic liver disease (1.9%). Conclusion: The indiscriminate use of dietary supplements and herbal products was associated with an alarming number of cases of liver injury. The mechanisms through which each of the products causes liver damage still need to be better understood, but this review is a warning about the risk associated with the use of products considered harmless by a large part of the population.

RESUMO Contexto: O consumo de ervas medicinais e suplementos alimentares é muito popular no mundo. Contudo, esses produtos não são inócuos e sua ingestão pode causar danos à saúde, especialmente dano hepático. Objetivo: Descrever os casos clínicos de lesão hepática induzida por ervas e suplementos alimentares, identificando os principais produtos envolvidos e as manifestações relacionadas a eles. Métodos: A busca na literatura foi realizada na base de dados PubMed, EMBASE, Google Escolar e LILACS usando as seguintes palavras-chaves: "Chemical and Drug-Induced Liver Injury", "Dietary Supplements", e "Herbal", incluindo seus sinônimos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 189 artigos no estudo, totalizando 428 casos clínicos de lesão hepática induzida por drogas. Os agentes de lesão hepática mais frequentes foram produtos Herbalife, associados a 50 casos, Polygonum Multiflorum, a 25 casos, produtos Hydroxycut e chá verde, ambos associados a 19 casos, e produtos Hydroxycut e chá verde, associados a 16 casos. A maioria dos indivíduos necessitou de hospitalização (82,6%) e um número importante de casos evoluiu para óbito (3,6%), transplante hepático (8,9%) ou doença hepática crônica (1,9%). Conclusão: O uso indiscriminado de suplementos alimentares e ervas foi associado com um número alarmante de casos de lesão hepática. Os mecanismos pelos quais cada um dos produtos causa danos ao fígado ainda precisam ser melhor compreendidos, mas esta revisão é um alerta sobre o risco associado ao uso de produtos considerados inofensivos por grande parte da população.

Birth weight and body fat mass in adults assessed by bioimpedance in the ELSA-Brasil study.

Intrauterine life is a critical period for the development of body fat and metabolic risk. This study investigated associations between birth weight and total and truncal body fat in adults. To do so, we analyzed data on 10,011 adults participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who self-reported birth weight as < 2.5kg, 2.5-4.0kg, or > 4.0kg at baseline (2008-2010) and underwent bioimpedance in the next follow-up visit (2012-2014). Greater mean total and truncal fat mass were seen in those with high birth weight compared with adequate birth weight (p < 0.001) in both sexes (total fat: 25.2 vs. 23.1kg in men and 31.4 vs. 27.7kg in women, and truncal fat: 13.5 vs. 12.4kg in men and 15.9 vs. 14.2kg in women). U-shaped patterns were observed in restricted cubic-spline analyses in the subset of 5,212 individuals reporting exact birth weights, although statistically significant only for those with high birth weight. In the whole sample, in comparing high to adequate birth weight, the latter predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) total and truncal fat mass, respectively: OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.37-2.25 (men) and OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.42-2.44 (women); OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.31-2.16 (men) and OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.31-2.28 (women). However, low birth weight predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) % truncal fat only in women (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.91). In conclusion, in these men and women born in a period in which fetal malnutrition was prevalent, birth weight showed complex, frequently non-linear associations with adult body fat, highlighting the need for interventions to prevent low and high birth weight during pregnancy.

Birth weight and body fat mass in adults assessed by bioimpedance in the ELSA-Brasil study / Peso ao nascer e adiposidade em adultos avaliados com bioimpedância no estudo ELSA-Brasil / Peso al nacer y masa de grasa corporal en adultos evaluados por bioimpedancia en el estudio ELSA-Brasil

Intrauterine life is a critical period for the development of body fat and metabolic risk. This study investigated associations between birth weight and total and truncal body fat in adults. To do so, we analyzed data on 10,011 adults participating in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who self-reported birth weight as < 2.5kg, 2.5-4.0kg, or > 4.0kg at baseline (2008-2010) and underwent bioimpedance in the next follow-up visit (2012-2014). Greater mean total and truncal fat mass were seen in those with high birth weight compared with adequate birth weight (p < 0.001) in both sexes (total fat: 25.2 vs. 23.1kg in men and 31.4 vs. 27.7kg in women, and truncal fat: 13.5 vs. 12.4kg in men and 15.9 vs. 14.2kg in women). U-shaped patterns were observed in restricted cubic-spline analyses in the subset of 5,212 individuals reporting exact birth weights, although statistically significant only for those with high birth weight. In the whole sample, in comparing high to adequate birth weight, the latter predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) total and truncal fat mass, respectively: OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.37-2.25 (men) and OR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.42-2.44 (women); OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.31-2.16 (men) and OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.31-2.28 (women). However, low birth weight predicted having a large (> 85 percentile) % truncal fat only in women (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.03-1.91). In conclusion, in these men and women born in a period in which fetal malnutrition was prevalent, birth weight showed complex, frequently non-linear associations with adult body fat, highlighting the need for interventions to prevent low and high birth weight during pregnancy.

A vida intrauterina é um período crítico para o desenvolvimento da gordura corporal e risco metabólico. O estudo investigou as associações entre peso ao nascer e gordura corporal total e de tronco em adultos. Analisamos os dados de 10.011 participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde no Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), com peso ao nascer de < 2,5kg, 2,5-4,0kg ou > 4,0kg, autorrelatado na linha de base (2008-2010) e que fizeram exame de bioimpedância na visita seguinte (2012-2014). A gordura corporal total e de tronco mais elevada estava associada com peso ao nascer elevado, quando comparado ao peso adequado (p < 0,001) em ambos os sexos (gordura total: 25,2 vs. 23,1 kg em homens e 31,4 vs. 27,7kg em mulheres, e gordura de tronco: 13,5 vs. 12,4kg em homens e 15,9 vs. 14,2kg em mulheres). Foram observados padrões em "U" nas análises de splines cúbicos restritos, no subconjunto de 5.212 indivíduos que informaram o peso ao nascer com exatidão, embora com significância estatística apenas para aqueles com peso ao nascer alto. Na amostra total, o peso ao nascer alto (comparado com o adequado) predizia (> percentil 85) gordura corporal total e de tronco, respectivamente: OR = 1,76, IC95%: 1,37-2,25 (homens) e OR = 1,86, IC95%: 1,42-2,44 (mulheres); OR = 1,68, IC95%: 1,31-2,16 (homens) e OR = 1,73, IC95%: 1,31-2,28 (mulheres). Entretanto, baixo peso ao nascer predizia gordura de tronco elevada (> percentil 85) apenas nas mulheres (OR = 1,40, IC95%: 1,03-1,91). O estudo conclui que nesse grupo de homens e mulheres que nasceram numa época em que a desnutrição fetal era prevalente, o peso ao nascer mostrou associações complexas, frequentemente não lineares, com a gordura corporal na idade adulta, o que enfatiza a necessidade de intervenções para prevenir, durante a gestação, o baixo e alto peso ao nascer.

La vida intrauterina es un periodo crítico para el desarrollo de la masa de grasa corporal y riesgo metabólico. Investigamos las asociaciones entre peso al nacer y la grasa total y troncal en adultos. Analizamos datos de 10.011 adultos que participaron en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud en Adultos (ELSA-Brasil) quienes autoinformaron de un peso al nacer < 2,5kg, 2,5-4,0kg, o > 4,0kg en la base de referencia (2008-2010) y experimentaron bioimpedancia en la siguiente visita de seguimiento (2012-2014). La mayor media de masa grasa total y troncal se observó en quienes tuvieron un alto peso al nacer, en comparación con quienes tuvieron un adecuado peso al nacer (p < 0,001) en ambos sexos (grasa total: 25,2 vs. 23,1kg en hombres y 31,4 vs. 27,7kg en mujeres, y grasa troncal: 13,5 vs. 12,4kg en hombres y 15,9 vs. 14,2kg en mujeres). Se observaron patrones en forma de "U" en análisis spline cúbicos restringidos en el subconjunto de 5.212 personas que informaron de sus pesos exactos al nacer, pese a que eran estadísticamente significativos solamente quienes tenían un alto peso al nacer. En toda la muestra con alto peso al nacer, comparada con el adecuado peso al nacer, se pronosticó contar con más masa grasa total y troncal (> percentil 85), respectivamente: OR = 1,76, IC95%: 1,37-2,25 (hombres) y OR = 1,86, IC95%: 1,42-2,44 (mujeres); OR = 1,68, IC95%: 1,31-2,16 (hombres) y OR = 1,73, IC95%: 1,31-2,28 (mujeres). No obstante, contar con un bajo peso al nacer predispuso a contar con más masa grasa troncal solamente en mujeres (> percentil 85) % (OR = 1,40, IC95%: 1,03-1,91). En conclusión, en estos hombres y mujeres nacidos durante un período en el que la malnutrición fetal era prevalente, el peso al nacer mostró frecuentemente asociaciones no lineales complejas, con grasa corporal en la etapa adulta, resaltando la necesidad de intervenciones para prevenir el bajo y el alto peso al nacer durante el embarazo.

Phase Angle Is an Independent Predictor of 6-Month Mortality in Patients With Decompensated Cirrhosis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the nutrition status through phase angle (PA) and its association with mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed with hospitalized decompensated cirrhotic patients. Nutrition status was assessed by PA, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) within 72 hours of hospital admission. The best PA cutoff point for malnutrition diagnosis was determined by ROC curve analysis, considering the SGA as the reference standard. Predictors of 6-month mortality were identified using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for Child-Pugh and MELD scores, and hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS: This study included 97 patients, 63% male (n = 61), with a mean age of 60.1 ± 10.3 years. The median follow-up time of patients was 11.2 months (IQR, 2.4-21). Overall mortality was 58.8% (n = 57) and 6-month mortality was 35.1% (n = 34). Nutrition assessment according to BIVA indicated a risk for cachexia and normal hydration. Patients with values of PA ≤5.52° were considered malnourished. Malnourished patients according to PA (58.8%, n = 57) had a higher risk of 6-month mortality (HR = 3.44; 95% CI, 1.51-7.84; P = .003), and each increase of 1° in PA values was associated with a reduction of 53% in 6-month mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: The PA is an independent predictor of 6-month mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Therefore, PA may be useful to assess the nutrition status and identify patients at the highest risk of mortality in clinical practice.

[Critical analysis of the revised diet quality index for the Brazilian population (DQI-R): its application in ELSA-Brasil]. / Análise crítica do índice de qualidade da dieta revisado para a população brasileira (IQD-R): aplicação no ELSA-Brasil.

The scope of this study was to conduct a critical analysis of the application of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R), to explain the ease and difficulties in its calculation, to suggest adaptations and to compare its distribution. This was done in accordance with sociodemographic variables among the 15,105 public servants participating in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from 2008 to 2010. Food consumption was assessed based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire and BHEI-R was estimated in four ways: original; weighted for frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables; modified considering legumes separated from other vegetables, and adapted covering the two previous changes. The results indicated that irrespective of the adaptation performed, women, individuals over 65 years of age and individuals with lower schooling had higher mean scores indicating a better quality diet. It is believed that the proposed adaptations may be useful for future studies that apply BHEI-R.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar criticamente a aplicação do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta ­ Revisado (IQD-R), explicitar facilidades e dificuldades em seu cálculo, sugerir adaptações e comparar sua distribuição segundo variáveis sociodemográficas entre os 15.105 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, no período de 2008 a 2010. O consumo alimentar foi aferido com base em Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e o IQD-R foi estimado de quatro maneiras: original; ponderado para frequência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças; modificado considerando leguminosas separado dos demais vegetais e adaptado abrangendo as duas alterações anteriores. Os resultados indicaram que independentemente da adaptação realizada, as mulheres, os indivíduos com mais de 65 anos e os indivíduos de menor escolaridade apresentaram escores médios mais altos indicando dieta de melhor qualidade. Acredita-se que as adaptações propostas podem ser úteis para estudos futuros que apliquem o IQD-R.

Análise crítica do índice de qualidade da dieta revisado para a população brasileira (IQD-R): aplicação no ELSA-Brasil / Critical analysis of the revised diet quality index for the Brazilian population (DQI-R): its application in ELSA-Brasil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar criticamente a aplicação do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta - Revisado (IQD-R), explicitar facilidades e dificuldades em seu cálculo, sugerir adaptações e comparar sua distribuição segundo variáveis sociodemográficas entre os 15.105 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, no período de 2008 a 2010. O consumo alimentar foi aferido com base em Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e o IQD-R foi estimado de quatro maneiras: original; ponderado para frequência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças; modificado considerando leguminosas separado dos demais vegetais e adaptado abrangendo as duas alterações anteriores. Os resultados indicaram que independentemente da adaptação realizada, as mulheres, os indivíduos com mais de 65 anos e os indivíduos de menor escolaridade apresentaram escores médios mais altos indicando dieta de melhor qualidade. Acredita-se que as adaptações propostas podem ser úteis para estudos futuros que apliquem o IQD-R.

Abstract The scope of this study was to conduct a critical analysis of the application of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R), to explain the ease and difficulties in its calculation, to suggest adaptations and to compare its distribution. This was done in accordance with sociodemographic variables among the 15,105 public servants participating in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from 2008 to 2010. Food consumption was assessed based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire and BHEI-R was estimated in four ways: original; weighted for frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables; modified considering legumes separated from other vegetables, and adapted covering the two previous changes. The results indicated that irrespective of the adaptation performed, women, individuals over 65 years of age and individuals with lower schooling had higher mean scores indicating a better quality diet. It is believed that the proposed adaptations may be useful for future studies that apply BHEI-R.

Ultra-processed foods, incident overweight and obesity, and longitudinal changes in weight and waist circumference: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with gains in weight and waist circumference, and incident overweight/obesity, in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort. DESIGN: We applied FFQ at baseline and categorized energy intake by degree of processing using the NOVA classification. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and after a mean 3·8-year follow-up. We assessed associations, through Poisson regression with robust variance, of UPF consumption with large weight gain (1·68 kg/year) and large waist gain (2·42 cm/year), both being defined as ≥90th percentile in the cohort, and with incident overweight/obesity. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Civil servants of Brazilian public academic institutions in six cities (n 11 827), aged 35-74 years at baseline (2008-2010). RESULTS: UPF provided a mean 24·6 (sd 9·6) % of ingested energy. After adjustment for smoking, physical activity, adiposity and other factors, fourth (>30·8 %) v. first (<17·8 %) quartile of UPF consumption was associated (relative risk (95 % CI)) with 27 and 33 % greater risk of large weight and waist gains (1·27 (1·07, 1·50) and 1·33 (1·12, 1·58)), respectively. Similarly, those in the fourth consumption quartile presented 20 % greater risk (1·20 (1·03, 1·40)) of incident overweight/obesity and 2 % greater risk (1·02; (0·85, 1·21)) of incident obesity. Approximately 15 % of cases of large weight and waist gains and of incident overweight/obesity could be attributed to consumption of >17·8 % of energy as UPF. CONCLUSIONS: Greater UPF consumption predicts large gains in overall and central adiposity and may contribute to the inexorable rise in obesity seen worldwide.

High nutritional risk is associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients admitted to an intensive care unit. / O elevado risco nutricional está associado a desfechos desfavoráveis em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible associations between nutritional risk and the clinical outcomes of critical patients admitted to an intensive care unit. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out with a cohort comprising 200 patients admitted to a university hospital intensive care unit. Nutritional risk was assessed with the NRS-2002 and NUTRIC scores. Patients with scores ≥ 5 were considered at high nutritional risk. Clinical data and outcome measures were obtained from patients' medical records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (for clinical outcomes). RESULTS: This sample of critical patients had a mean age of 59.4 ± 16.5 years and 53.5% were female. The proportions at high nutritional risk according to NRS-2002 and NUTRIC were 55% and 36.5%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for gender and type of admission indicated that high nutritional risk assessed by the NRS-2002 was positively associated with use of mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.34; 95%CI 1.31 - 4.19; p = 0.004); presence of infection (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.24 - 3.94; p = 0.007), and death (OR = 1.86; 95%CI 1.01 - 3.41; p = 0.045). When evaluated by NUTRIC, nutritional risk was associated with renal replacement therapy (OR = 2.10; 95%CI 1.02 - 4.15; p = 0.040) and death (OR = 3.48; 95%CI 1.88 - 6.44; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In critically ill patients, high nutritional risk was positively associated with an increased risk of clinical outcomes including hospital death.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar possíveis associações do risco nutricional com os desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis em pacientes críticos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, realizado em 200 pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital universitário. O risco nutricional foi avaliado pelos escores NRS-2002 e NUTRIC. Pacientes com escore ≥ 5 foram considerados de alto risco nutricional. Os dados e desfechos clínicos foram obtidos de registros clínicos dos pacientes. Utilizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla para calcular os riscos relativos e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% para os desfechos clínicos. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes críticos apresentaram idade de 59,4 ± 16,5 anos, e 53,5% eram do sexo feminino. O alto risco nutricional, segundo NRS-2002 e NUTRIC, foi de 55% e 36,5%, respectivamente. Em modelos de regressão logística múltipla, ajustados por sexo e motivo de internação, o alto risco nutricional avaliado pelo NRS-2002 associou-se positivamente ao uso de ventilação mecânica (RR = 2,34; IC95% 1,31 - 4,19; p = 0,004); presença de infecção (RR = 2,21; IC95% 1,24 - 3,94; p = 0,007) e óbito (RR = 1,86; IC95% 1,01 - 3,41; p = 0,045). Quando avaliado pelo NUTRIC, o risco nutricional foi associado à terapia de substituição renal (RR = 2,10; IC95% 1,02 - 4,15; p = 0,040) e óbito (RR = 3,48; IC95% 1,88 - 6,44; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes gravemente doentes, o alto risco nutricional foi positivamente associado a um maior risco de desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis, incluindo óbito hospitalar.

O elevado risco nutricional está associado a desfechos desfavoráveis em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva / High nutritional risk is associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients admitted to an intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar possíveis associações do risco nutricional com os desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis em pacientes críticos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, realizado em 200 pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital universitário. O risco nutricional foi avaliado pelos escores NRS-2002 e NUTRIC. Pacientes com escore ≥ 5 foram considerados de alto risco nutricional. Os dados e desfechos clínicos foram obtidos de registros clínicos dos pacientes. Utilizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla para calcular os riscos relativos e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% para os desfechos clínicos. Resultados: Os pacientes críticos apresentaram idade de 59,4 ± 16,5 anos, e 53,5% eram do sexo feminino. O alto risco nutricional, segundo NRS-2002 e NUTRIC, foi de 55% e 36,5%, respectivamente. Em modelos de regressão logística múltipla, ajustados por sexo e motivo de internação, o alto risco nutricional avaliado pelo NRS-2002 associou-se positivamente ao uso de ventilação mecânica (RR = 2,34; IC95% 1,31 - 4,19; p = 0,004); presença de infecção (RR = 2,21; IC95% 1,24 - 3,94; p = 0,007) e óbito (RR = 1,86; IC95% 1,01 - 3,41; p = 0,045). Quando avaliado pelo NUTRIC, o risco nutricional foi associado à terapia de substituição renal (RR = 2,10; IC95% 1,02 - 4,15; p = 0,040) e óbito (RR = 3,48; IC95% 1,88 - 6,44; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em pacientes gravemente doentes, o alto risco nutricional foi positivamente associado a um maior risco de desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis, incluindo óbito hospitalar.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate possible associations between nutritional risk and the clinical outcomes of critical patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Methods: A prospective study was carried out with a cohort comprising 200 patients admitted to a university hospital intensive care unit. Nutritional risk was assessed with the NRS-2002 and NUTRIC scores. Patients with scores ≥ 5 were considered at high nutritional risk. Clinical data and outcome measures were obtained from patients' medical records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (for clinical outcomes). Results: This sample of critical patients had a mean age of 59.4 ± 16.5 years and 53.5% were female. The proportions at high nutritional risk according to NRS-2002 and NUTRIC were 55% and 36.5%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for gender and type of admission indicated that high nutritional risk assessed by the NRS-2002 was positively associated with use of mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.34; 95%CI 1.31 - 4.19; p = 0.004); presence of infection (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.24 - 3.94; p = 0.007), and death (OR = 1.86; 95%CI 1.01 - 3.41; p = 0.045). When evaluated by NUTRIC, nutritional risk was associated with renal replacement therapy (OR = 2.10; 95%CI 1.02 - 4.15; p = 0.040) and death (OR = 3.48; 95%CI 1.88 - 6.44; p < 0.001). Conclusion: In critically ill patients, high nutritional risk was positively associated with an increased risk of clinical outcomes including hospital death.

Consumo de alcohol y perfil lipídico en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Alcohol consumption and lipid profile in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-BRASIL)

Introducción: las dislipidemias son definidas comúnmente por niveles bajos de HDL-c y altos niveles de triglicéridos y LDL-c. Son varios los factores relacionados con esta patogénesis y uno de ellos es el consumo de alcohol, presentado divergencias entre la cantidad y el tipo de bebida alcohólica que debe consumirse para encontrar efectos de asociación con los parámetros lipídicos. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el tipo de bebida alcohólica y los parámetros lipídicos HDL-c y triglicéridos en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, desarrollado a partir de los datos de la línea de base del ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue estimado en dosis/semana y categorizado por terciles (1-7, 7-14 y > 14 dosis/semana) y por tipo de bebida alcohólica (cerveza, vino y destilados). Los parámetros lipídicos fueron utilizados como datos continuos. Se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal para cada tipo de bebida alcohólica. El nivel de confianza fue del 5%. Resultados: el HDL-c y los triglicéridos aumentaron con el incremento del número de dosis/semana de cerveza. El consumo de vino de 1-7 y 7-14 dosis/semana elevó el HDL-c. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos tienden a disminuir cuando el consumo es de 1-7 dosis/semana. El consumo de destilados de > 14 dosis/semana aumentó las concentraciones de HDL-c. Conclusión: el HDL-c aumentó sus niveles plasmáticos con el consumo de todos los tipos de bebidas alcohólicas. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos disminuyen con el consumo de vino

Introduction: dyslipidemias are commonly defined by low levels of HDL-c and high levels of triglycerides and LDL-c as an alteration in the functioning of lipoproteins. Several factors are related to this pathogenesis, and one of them is the consumption of alcohol, presenting divergences between the amount and the type of alcoholic drink that must be consumed to find effects of association with the lipid parameters. Objective: to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and the type of alcoholic beverage with HDL-c and triglycerides in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil). Methods: observational, cross-sectional study, developed from baseline data from the ELSA-Brazil (2008-2010). The consumption of alcoholic beverages was estimated in doses/week and categorized in tertiles (1-7, 7-14 and > 14 doses/week) and by type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine and distillates). Lipid parameters were used as continuous data. Linear regression models were performed for each type of alcoholic beverage. The confidence level was 5%. Results: HDL-c and triglycerides increased with the increase in the number of doses/week of beer. The consumption of wine between 1-7 and 7-14 doses/week raises HDL-c. Conversely, triglycerides tend to decrease when consumption is 1-7 doses/week. Consumption of distillates > 14 doses/week increase HDL-c. Conclusion: HDL-c increased plasma levels directly with the consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages. Conversely, triglycerides decrease with wine consumption

[Consumption of red and processed meat, insulin resistance, and diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)Consumo de carnes rojas y de carne procesada, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes en el estudio longitudinal de salud del adulto (ELSA-Brasil)]. / Consumo de carne vermelha e processada, resistência insulínica e diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between red and processed meat consumption and the occurrence of new cases of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHOD: This cohort study included 15 105 civil servants (age: 35-74 years). Biochemical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data, as well as lifestyle characteristics, were collected at baseline (2008-2010) and wave 2 (2012-2014). Meat consumption (g/day) was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. To categorize low, medium, and high consumption, independent variables were divided into tertiles. DM was diagnosed as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, postload glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5. IR was determined by HOMA-IR with cutoff points based on the sample's 75th percentile. RESULTS: Men and participants with lower income and schooling reported higher consumption of red and processed meat. High consumption of processed meat (highest tertile, > 27.1 g/day) was associated with new cases of IR in men (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.31-2.16) and women (OR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.00-1>52). High consumption of red meat increased by 40% (95%CI: 1.04-1.96) the likelihood of new cases of DM in men. CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of red/processed meat negatively impacted the health of participants. Moderate consumption of meats may be recommended for the general population and for prevention of DM.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la relación entre el consumo de carnes rojas y de carne procesada y la incidencia de nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina y de diabetes mellitus en los participantes en el estudio longitudinal de salud del adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte con 15 105 funcionarios públicos (de 35 a 74 años de edad). Se recopilaron datos bioquímicos, antropométricos, socioeconómicos y sobre el estilo de vida en la línea de base (2008­2010) y en la segunda fase (2012­2014). Se calculó el consumo de carne (g/día) por medio de un cuestionario sobre la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos. Para las clasificaciones de consumo bajo, mediano y alto, las variables independientes se dividieron en terciles. La diabetes mellitus se diagnosticó como glucemia en ayunas ≥ 126 mg/dl, glucosa después de una sobrecarga ≥ 200 mg/dl o glucohemoglobina ≥ 6,5. La resistencia a la insulina se determinó con el modelo homeostático HOMA-IR con puntos de corte a partir del percentil 75 de la muestra. RESULTADOS: Los hombres y los participantes de menores ingresos y menor grado de escolaridad declararon un mayor consumo de carnes rojas y de carnes procesadas. El mayor consumo de carne procesada (último tercil, > 27,1 g/día) guardó relación con nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina en los hombres (razón de probabilidades [OR] = 1,68; IC95%: 1,31-2,16) y las mujeres (OR = 1,23; IC95%: 1,00-1,52). El consumo alto de carnes rojas aumentó un 40% (IC95%: 1,04-1,96) la posibilidad de manifestación de nuevos casos de diabetes mellitus en los hombres. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo alto de carnes rojas y de carne procesada afectó desfavorablemente la salud de los participantes. El consumo moderado de carne puede recomendarse a la población en general y para la prevención de la diabetes mellitus.

Consumo de carne vermelha e processada, resistência insulínica e diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Investigar a associação entre consumo de carne vermelha e processada e a ocorrência de novos casos de resistência insulínica (RI) e diabetes mellitus (DM) em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos. Estudo de coorte com 15 105 servidores públicos (idade: 35 a 74 anos). Dados bioquímicos, antropométricos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida foram coletados na linha de base (2008–2010) e na segunda onda (2012–2014). O consumo de carnes (g/dia) foi estimado por questionário de frequência alimentar. Para categorizar baixo, médio e alto consumo as variáveis independentes foram divididas em tercis. DM foi diagnosticado como glicemia de jejum ≥ 126 mg/dL, glicose pós-sobrecarga ≥ 200 mg/dL ou hemoglobina glicada ≥ 6,5. RI foi determinada pelo índice HOMA-IR com pontos de corte construídos a partir do percentil 75 da amostra. Resultados. Homens e participantes com menor renda e escolaridade relataram maior consumo de carne vermelha e processada. Maior consumo de carne processada (último tercil, > 27,1 g/dia) associou-se a novos casos de RI em homens (OR = 1,68; IC95%: 1,31 a 2,16) e mulheres (OR = 1,23; IC95%: 1,00 a 1,52). Alto consumo de carne vermelha aumentou em 40% (IC95%: 1,04 a 1,96) a chance de novos casos de DM em homens. Conclusões. O consumo elevado de carne vermelha e processada teve impacto negativo na saúde dos participantes. O consumo moderado de carnes pode ser recomendado para a população em geral e para prevenção do DM.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To investigate the association between red and processed meat consumption and the occurrence of new cases of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Method. This cohort study included 15 105 civil servants (age: 35-74 years). Biochemical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data, as well as lifestyle characteristics, were collected at baseline (2008–2010) and wave 2 (2012–2014). Meat consumption (g/day) was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. To categorize low, medium, and high consumption, independent variables were divided into tertiles. DM was diagnosed as fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, postload glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5. IR was determined by HOMA-IR with cutoff points based on the sample’s 75th percentile. Results. Men and participants with lower income and schooling reported higher consumption of red and processed meat. High consumption of processed meat (highest tertile, > 27.1 g/day) was associated with new cases of IR in men (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.31-2.16) and women (OR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.00-1>52). High consumption of red meat increased by 40% (95%CI: 1.04-1.96) the likelihood of new cases of DM in men. Conclusions. High consumption of red/processed meat negatively impacted the health of participants. Moderate consumption of meats may be recommended for the general population and for prevention of DM.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Investigar la relación entre el consumo de carnes rojas y de carne procesada y la incidencia de nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina y de diabetes mellitus en los participantes en el estudio longitudinal de salud del adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos. Estudio de cohorte con 15 105 funcionarios públicos (de 35 a 74 años de edad). Se recopilaron datos bioquímicos, antropométricos, socioeconómicos y sobre el estilo de vida en la línea de base (2008– 2010) y en la segunda fase (2012–2014). Se calculó el consumo de carne (g/día) por medio de un cuestionario sobre la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos. Para las clasificaciones de consumo bajo, mediano y alto, las variables independientes se dividieron en terciles. La diabetes mellitus se diagnosticó como glucemia en ayunas ≥ 126 mg/dl, glucosa después de una sobrecarga ≥ 200 mg/dl o glucohemoglobina ≥ 6,5. La resistencia a la insulina se determinó con el modelo homeostático HOMA-IR con puntos de corte a partir del percentil 75 de la muestra. Resultados. Los hombres y los participantes de menores ingresos y menor grado de escolaridad declararon un mayor consumo de carnes rojas y de carnes procesadas. El mayor consumo de carne procesada (último tercil, > 27,1 g/día) guardó relación con nuevos casos de resistencia a la insulina en los hombres (razón de probabilidades [OR] = 1,68; IC95%: 1,31-2,16) y las mujeres (OR = 1,23; IC95%: 1,00-1,52). El consumo alto de carnes rojas aumentó un 40% (IC95%: 1,04-1,96) la posibilidad de manifestación de nuevos casos de diabetes mellitus en los hombres. Conclusiones. El consumo alto de carnes rojas y de carne procesada afectó desfavorablemente la salud de los participantes. El consumo moderado de carne puede recomendarse a la población en general y para la prevención de la diabetes mellitus.

[Alcohol consumption and lipid profile in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-BRASIL)]. / Consumo de alcohol y perfil lipídico en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: dyslipidemias are commonly defined by low levels of HDL-c and high levels of triglycerides and LDL-c as an alteration in the functioning of lipoproteins. Several factors are related to this pathogenesis, and one of them is the consumption of alcohol, presenting divergences between the amount and the type of alcoholic drink that must be consumed to find effects of association with the lipid parameters. Objective: to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and the type of alcoholic beverage with HDL-c and triglycerides in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil). Methods: observational, cross-sectional study, developed from baseline data from the ELSA-Brazil (2008-2010). The consumption of alcoholic beverages was estimated in doses/week and categorized in tertiles (1-7, 7-14 and > 14 doses/week) and by type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine and distillates). Lipid parameters were used as continuous data. Linear regression models were performed for each type of alcoholic beverage. The confidence level was 5%. Results: HDL-c and triglycerides increased with the increase in the number of doses/week of beer. The consumption of wine between 1-7 and 7-14 doses/week raises HDL-c. Conversely, triglycerides tend to decrease when consumption is 1-7 doses/week. Consumption of distillates > 14 doses/week increase HDL-c. Conclusion: HDL-c increased plasma levels directly with the consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages. Conversely, triglycerides decrease with wine consumption.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: las dislipidemias son definidas comúnmente por niveles bajos de HDL-c y altos niveles de triglicéridos y LDL-c. Son varios los factores relacionados con esta patogénesis y uno de ellos es el consumo de alcohol, presentado divergencias entre la cantidad y el tipo de bebida alcohólica que debe consumirse para encontrar efectos de asociación con los parámetros lipídicos. Objetivo: investigar la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el tipo de bebida alcohólica y los parámetros lipídicos HDL-c y triglicéridos en participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal, desarrollado a partir de los datos de la línea de base del ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue estimado en dosis/semana y categorizado por terciles (1-7, 7-14 y > 14 dosis/semana) y por tipo de bebida alcohólica (cerveza, vino y destilados). Los parámetros lipídicos fueron utilizados como datos continuos. Se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal para cada tipo de bebida alcohólica. El nivel de confianza fue del 5%. Resultados: el HDL-c y los triglicéridos aumentaron con el incremento del número de dosis/semana de cerveza. El consumo de vino de 1-7 y 7-14 dosis/semana elevó el HDL-c. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos tienden a disminuir cuando el consumo es de 1-7 dosis/semana. El consumo de destilados de > 14 dosis/semana aumentó las concentraciones de HDL-c. Conclusión: el HDL-c aumentó sus niveles plasmáticos con el consumo de todos los tipos de bebidas alcohólicas. Por el contrario, los triglicéridos disminuyen con el consumo de vino.

Validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements: ELSA-Brasil study. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Investigation of alterations to retinal microvasculature may contribute towards understanding the role of such changes in the pathophysiology of several chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective here was to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements made by Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) graders. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at six teaching and research institutions. METHODS: To evaluate validity, each of 25 retinal images from the University of Wisconsin (gold standard) was measured by five ELSA-Brasil graders. To evaluate reproducibility, 105 images across the spectrum of vessel diameters were selected from 12,257 retinal images that had been obtained between 2010 and 2012, and each image was reexamined by the same grader and by an independent grader. All measurements were made using the Interactive Vessel Analysis (IVAN) software. Bland-Altman plots, paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean differences between ELSA-Brasil and gold-standard readings were 0.16 µm (95% CI -0.17-0.50; P = 0.31) for central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), -0.21 µm (95% CI -0.56-0.14; P = 0.22) for central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and 0.0005 (95% CI -0.008-0.009; P = 0.55) for arteriole/venule ratio (AVR). Intragrader ICCs were 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.86) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.780.96) for CRVE and 0.70 (0.55-0.83) for AVR. Intergrader ICCs were 0.75 (95% CI 0.64-0.85) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.79-0.96) for CRVE and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.82) for AVR. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microvascular diameter measurements are valid and present moderate to high intra and intergrader reproducibility in ELSA-Brasil.

Validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements: ELSA-Brasil study. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Investigation of alterations to retinal microvasculature may contribute towards understanding the role of such changes in the pathophysiology of several chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective here was to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of retinal arteriole and venule diameter measurements made by Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) graders. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at six teaching and research institutions. METHODS: To evaluate validity, each of 25 retinal images from the University of Wisconsin (gold standard) was measured by five ELSA-Brasil graders. To evaluate reproducibility, 105 images across the spectrum of vessel diameters were selected from 12,257 retinal images that had been obtained between 2010 and 2012, and each image was reexamined by the same grader and by an independent grader. All measurements were made using the Interactive Vessel Analysis (IVAN) software. Bland-Altman plots, paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean differences between ELSA-Brasil and gold-standard readings were 0.16 µm (95% CI -0.17-0.50; P = 0.31) for central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), -0.21 µm (95% CI -0.56-0.14; P = 0.22) for central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and 0.0005 (95% CI -0.008-0.009; P = 0.55) for arteriole/venule ratio (AVR). Intragrader ICCs were 0.77 (95% CI 0.67-0.86) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.780.96) for CRVE and 0.70 (0.55-0.83) for AVR. Intergrader ICCs were 0.75 (95% CI 0.64-0.85) for CRAE, 0.90 (95% CI 0.79-0.96) for CRVE and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.82) for AVR. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microvascular diameter measurements are valid and present moderate to high intra and intergrader reproducibility in ELSA-Brasil.