ABSTRACT
This article contains up-to-date information on the features of ophthalmological and dermatological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection based on the analysis of studies published in 2018-2022. The article also presents a description of a clinical case of HIV infection in a 54-year-old female patient with synchronous manifestation of eye symptoms in the form of retinal vasculitis of the optic nerve head and Kaposi's sarcoma localized on the skin of the face.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Ophthalmology , Optic Disk , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , SkinABSTRACT
The effects of the salt stress (200 mM NaCl) and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on levels of osmolytes and flavonoids in leaves of four-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants of the wild-type (WT) Columbia-0 (Col-0) and the mutant jin1 (jasmonate insensitive 1) with impaired jasmonate signaling were studied. The increase in proline content caused by the salt stress was higher in the Col-0 plants than in the mutant jin1. This difference was especially marked if the plants had been pretreated with exogenous 0.1 µM JA. The sugar content increased in response to the salt stress in the JA-treated WT plants but decreased in the jin1 mutant. Leaf treatment with JA of the WT plants but not mutant defective in jasmonate signaling also enhanced the levels of anthocyanins and flavonoids absorbed in UV-B range. The presence of JA increased salinity resistance of the Col-0 plants, since the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and growth inhibition caused by NaCl were less pronounced. Under salt stress, JA almost did not render a positive effect on the jin1 plants. It is concluded that the protein JIN1/MYC2 is involved in control of protective systems under salt stress.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis Proteins/biosynthesis , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/biosynthesis , Carbohydrates/biosynthesis , Caseins/biosynthesis , Cyclopentanes/metabolism , Flavonoids/biosynthesis , Lipids/biosynthesis , Oxylipins/metabolism , Plant Proteins, Dietary/biosynthesis , Stress, Physiological/genetics , Arabidopsis/chemistry , Arabidopsis/growth & development , Arabidopsis/metabolism , Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics , Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/genetics , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Salinity , Salt-Tolerant Plants/genetics , Salt-Tolerant Plants/physiology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sodium Chloride/toxicityABSTRACT
The effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on antioxidant enzymes in four-week-old leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Columbia-0) and jin1 (jasmonate insensitive 1) mutant plants with defective jasmonate signaling were investigated under normal conditions and under salt stress (200 mM NaCl, 24 h). The wild-type plants responded to JA by an increase in the activities of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase, while there was no change in the case of the mutant plants. In response to the salt stress of both the wild-type and mutant genotypes, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and guaiacol peroxidase were unchanged, decreased, and increased, respectively. The JA-treated wild type plants showed the highest activity of all three enzymes as compared with the mutant plants. Salinity caused a decrease in chlorophyll content in the wild-type and jin 1 plants. Preliminary JA treatment of the Col-0 plants resulted in a normal content of photosynthetic pigments after the salt stress, while the positive JA effect was insignificant in the jin 1 mutants. It was concluded that the MYC2/JIN 1 protein is involved in the JA signal transduction and plant adaptation to salt stress.
