Therapeutic effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on liver damage induced by long-term CCl4 administration.

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a drug routinely used in several health problems, e.g. liver damage. There is some information emerged on its negative effects in certain situations. The aim of our study was to examine its ability to influence liver damage induced by long-term burden. We induced liver damage by CCl4 (10 weeks) and monitored the impact of parallel NAC administration (daily 150 mg/kg of b.w.) on liver morphology and some biochemical parameters (triacylglycerols, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, bile acids, proteins, albumins and cholinesterase). NAC significantly decreased levels of bile acids and bilirubin in plasma and triacylglycerols in liver, all of them elevated by impairment with CCl4. Reduction of cholesterol induced by CCl4 was completely recovered in the presence of NAC as indicated by its elevation to control levels. NAC administration did not improve the histological parameters. Together with protective effects of NAC, we found also its deleterious properties: parallel administration of CCl4 and NAC increased triacylglycerols, ALT and AST activity and significantly increased plasma cholinesterase activity. We have observed nonsignificantly increased percentage of liver tissue fibrosis. Our results have shown that NAC administered simultaneously with liver damaging agent CCl4, exhibits not only protective, but also deleterious effects as indicated by several biochemical parameters.

Antiglide versus lateral plate fixation for Danis-Weber type B malleolar fractures caused by supination-external rotation injury.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional results and the frequency of complications in the distal fibula Danis-Weber type B fractures caused by supination-external rotation injury in a group of lateral and antiglide plate fixation. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 44 patients with a minimum of one-year follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups: one lateral plate group (24 patients) and group with an antiglide plate (20 patients). The patients of both groups were always positioned supine, and lateral approach was used. In the lateral plate group, the fracture was anatomically reduced, an optional anteroposterior lag screw was placed perpendicular to fracture line, and then the one-third tubular plate was applied on the lateral fibular site. In the antiglide group, the palate was implemented on the posterolateral surface of the fibula and the fracture was anatomically reduced. An optional lag-screw was used. Distal screw fixation was applied deliberately. Functional assessment according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hind foot-ankle score (AOFAS) were performed at one year after surgery. The complications were recorded. RESULTS: According to Lauge-Hansen classification of supination-external rotation injury, a total of 27 (61.4%) patients was classified as stage 2, 2 (4.5%) patients as stage 3 and 15 (34.1%) patients with stage 4. In the lateral plate group, there were 13 (54.2%) male and 11 (45.8%) female patients. In the antiglide plate group, men comprised 12 (60%) and women 8 (40%) of patients. The AOFAS in the lateral and antiglide group performed one year after surgery was, on average, 93.7 ± 6.1 (range 85-100) and 94.5 ± 6.0 (range 85-100) points respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in both groups (p = 0.37). Complications were observed in 7 (29.3%) patients of lateral plate and 3 (15%) patients of an antiglide plate (p = 0.31). There was no case of tendinopathy. Revision surgery was performed in one patient with superficial infection. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the outcome of the surgically treated Weber type B fractures caused by supination external rotation injury was comparable in both groups. The antiglide plate fixation showed no signs of peroneal tendinopathy, low rate of complications. We believe this technique is safe and a good method of fixation as well as traditional lateral plating.

Age-Related Differences in Non-Persistence with Statin Treatment in Patients after a Transient Ischaemic Attack.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Non-persistence with secondary preventive measures, including medications such as statins, adversely affects the prospects of successful outcomes. This study was aimed at evaluating non-persistence with statin therapy in cohorts of young and elderly patients after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and identifying patient-associated characteristics that influence the risk for non-persistence. METHODS: The study cohorts included 797 adult patients who were initiated on statin therapy following a TIA diagnosis between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010. Patients were followed up for 3 years and those with a treatment gap of at least a 6-month period were considered 'non-persistent'. In order to identify any age-related differences, all analyses were conducted in the entire study cohort (n = 797) as well as separately in the 'younger' (aged <65 years, n = 267) and the 'older' (aged ≥65 years, n = 530) patients. RESULTS: Non-persistence was significantly more common in younger patients compared to older patients (67.8% vs. 49.1%; p < 0.001). Factors that decreased the probability of non-persistence in younger and older patients included diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72 and HR = 0.64, respectively) and hypercholesterolaemia (HR = 0.43 and HR = 0.62, respectively). Female gender (HR = 1.42) was associated with a higher and increasing number of medications taken (HR = 0.93), with lower probability for non-persistence in younger patients but not in the older patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that certain patients with TIA require special counselling to improve persistence with statin therapy. These include younger patients, especially females and those not on polypharmacy, and both younger and older patients without diabetes mellitus or hypercholesterolaemia.

Emulsified omega-3 fatty-acids modulate the symptoms of depressive disorder in children and adolescents: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of mood disorders in children is a growing global concern. Omega-3 fatty acids (FA) are emerging as a promising adjuvant therapy for depressive disorder (DD) in paediatric patients. The primary objective of this pilot, single-centre, randomized, double-blind controlled study was to compare the efficacy of an Omega-3 FA fish oil emulsion with a control oil emulsion alongside standard treatment for depressive symptoms in children and adolescents suffering from depressive disorder (DD) and mixed anxiety depressive disorder (MADD). METHODS: 38 children (12 patients were treated and diagnosed for at least 1 month before enrolment, 26 patients were first-time diagnosed as DD) aged 11-17 years were randomised 1:1 to the intervention (Omega-3 FA, 19 patients) or active comparator (Omega-6 FA, 19 patients) groups. Children's depression inventory (CDI) ratings were performed at baseline, every 2 weeks for a 12-week intervention period and at 4-week post-intervention. 35 patients (17 in Omega-3 and 18 in Omega-6 groups) who completed the whole intervention period were evaluated. Patients from Omega-3 group were stratified according to diagnosis into two subgroups (DD-10/17 and mixed anxiety depressive disorder (MADD)-7/17 patients) and in the Omega-6 group into DD-10/18 and MADD-8/18 patients. Groups were evaluated separately. Differences between-groups were tested with the Student´s t test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Friedman test were used to analyse the Treatment effect for response in CDI score. p < 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Significant reductions in CDI scores in 35 analysed patients who completed 12 weeks intervention were observed after 12 weeks of intervention only in the Omega-3 group (p = 0.034). After stratification to depressive disorder and mixed anxiety depressive disorder subgroups, the DD subgroup receiving the Omega-3 FA fish oil showed statistically greater improvement (score reduction after 8 week treatment of -9.1 CDI, p = 0.0001) when compared to the MADD subgroup (score reduction after 8 week treatment -4.24 CDI, p = 0.271). CONCLUSIONS: CDI scores were reduced in the Omega-3 group and the depression subgroup had greater improvement than the mixed depressive/anxiety group. An Omega-3 fatty acid rich fish oil emulsion may be an effective adjuvant supplement during the treatment of depressive disorders in children. Trial registration ISRCTN81655012.

Non-persistence with antiplatelet therapy in elderly patients after a transient ischemic attack.

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy following a transient ischemic attack (TIA) constitutes an important secondary prevention measure. AIMS: The study was aimed at evaluating the development of non-persistence with antiplatelet therapy in elderly patients after a TIA and identifying patient-related characteristics associated with the probability of non-persistence during the follow-up period. METHODS: The study cohort (n = 854) was selected from the database of the largest health insurance provider of the Slovak Republic. It included patients aged ≥65 years, in whom antiplatelet medication was initiated following a TIA diagnosis during the period between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010. Each patient was followed for a period of 3 years from the date of the first antiplatelet medication prescription associated with TIA diagnosis. Patients in whom there was a treatment gap of at least 6 months without antiplatelet medication prescription were defined as "non-persistent". The factors predicting non-persistence were identified in the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: At the end of the follow-up period, 345 (40.4%) patients were non-persistent with antiplatelet medication. Protective factors decreasing a patient´s likelihood of becoming non-persistent were age ≥75 years [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.75], polypharmacy (concurrent use of ≥6 drugs) (HR = 0.79), arterial hypertension (HR = 0.68), diabetes mellitus (HR = 0.74), hypercholesterolemia (HR = 0.75), and antiplatelet medication switching during the follow-up period (HR = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that following a TIA, elderly patients aged <75 years or those with normal serum cholesterol levels, without certain comorbid conditions and polypharmacy may benefit from special counselling to encourage persistence with secondary preventive medication.

Plasma Cytokines Correlated With Disease Characteristics, Progression-Free Survival, and Overall Survival in Testicular Germ-Cell Tumor Patients.

BACKGROUND: Cytokines are the communicators of immune system and are involved in all immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation among plasma cytokines, patient and tumor characteristics, and clinical outcome in chemonaive testicular germ-cell tumor (TGCT) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 92 metastatic chemotherapy-naive TGCT patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy from July 2010 to March 2014. Plasma was isolated before first administration of chemotherapy, and the concentration of 51 plasma cytokines were analyzed using multiplex bead arrays. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 33.2 months (range, 0.1-54.8 months), 10.9% of patients experienced disease progression, and 7.6% died. Several cytokines were associated with different baseline clinicopathologic features. Elevated plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-α2, interleukin (IL)-2Rα, IL-16, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-3 were significantly associated with worse progression-free survival and overall survival (OS). Moreover, elevated levels of stem-cell growth factor (SCGF)-ß were also associated with worse OS. Patients with elevated levels of all 6 cytokines experienced significantly worse outcomes compared to patients who had fewer than 6 cytokines elevated (hazard ratio = 12.06; 95% confidence interval, 7.39-19.49; P = .002 for progression-free survival, and hazard ratio = 39.65; 95% confidence interval, 25.03-62.18; P < .00001 for OS, respectively). Results were independent of International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group criteria. CONCLUSION: We found a correlation among progression free-survival, OS, and circulating cytokines in TGCT. This suggests the existence an association between plasma cytokines and baseline clinicopathologic features in TGCT. Plasma cytokines could be used for identification of high-risk patients who are candidates for new therapeutic approaches.

Central Systolic Hypertension in Patients with Well-Controlled Hypertension.

Background. Central systolic blood pressure (CSBP) has prognostic significance and simplified devices for its estimation have been introduced recently. The aim of this study was to assess the achievement of the target CSBP in treated hypertensive patients. Subjects and Methods. One hundred patients with well-controlled hypertension were analysed. For CSBP estimation, we used the Arteriograph (TensioMed Ltd.), which uses one cuff for all measurements, the "single-point measurement" approach. Results. We found that 62% of patients had CSBP ≥ 130 mmHg, the suggested cut-off value for hypertension. When sex-specific classification was employed (CSBP ≥ 137 mmHg for female and CSBP ≥ 133 mmHg for male), only 13% of patients (mainly women) remained in the hypertensive range. We also found that 55% of patients had a CSBP higher than brachial pressure. Multiple analyses showed that CSBP was significantly associated with sex, height, and return time. Conclusions. A high proportion of treated hypertensive patients had CSBP levels that exceeded their brachial BP. CSBP positively correlated with lower height and shorter return time of the reflected pressure wave and was significantly higher in females compared to males. These findings suggest that, for CSBP classification, it is important to take height and sex-specific differences into account.

Patient-related characteristics associated with non-persistence with statin therapy in elderly patients following an ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at evaluating the extent of non-persistence with statin therapy in elderly patients after an ischemic stroke and identifying patient-related characteristics that are risk factors for non-persistence. METHODS: The evaluable study cohort (n = 2748) was derived from the database of the largest health insurance provider in the Slovak Republic. Patients aged ≥65 years who were initiated on statin therapy following the diagnosis of an ischemic stroke during one full year (1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010) constituted this cohort. Each patient was followed for a period of 3 years from the date of the first statin prescription. Patients with a continuous treatment gap of 6 months without statin prescription were designated as non-persistent. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to determine patient-associated characteristics that influenced the likelihood of non-persistence. RESULTS: During the 3-year follow-up period, 39.7% of patients in the study cohort became non-persistent. Factors associated with decreased probability of a patient becoming non-persistent were age ≥75 years (hazard ratio (HR) 0.75), polypharmacy (concurrent use of ≥6 drugs) (HR 0.79), diabetes mellitus (HR 0.80), dementia (HR 0.81) and hypercholesterolemia (HR 0.50). On the other hand, the presence of anxiety disorders (HR 1.33) predicted an increased likelihood of a patient being non-persistent. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients aged ≥75 years or those with the presence of diabetes mellitus, dementia, hypercholesterolemia or polypharmacy were likely to be persistent with statin therapy, whereas those with anxiety disorders may need greater assistance with persistence of statin therapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Factors Influencing Non-Persistence with Antiplatelet Medications in Elderly Patients After Ischaemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the extent of, and patient-related characteristics for, non-persistence with antiplatelet therapy during follow-up in elderly patients after their first ischaemic non-cardioembolic stroke. METHODS: A database of the largest health insurance provider in the Slovak Republic was used to assemble the study cohort of 4319 patients (56.8% were women) aged ≥65 years in whom antiplatelet therapy was initiated following a hospital-based diagnosis of stroke during the period 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010. Patients were followed for 3 years from the date on which the first prescription of antiplatelet medication was recorded. Patients with a 6-month treatment gap without antiplatelet medication prescription were designated as non-persistent, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of non-persistence. RESULTS: At the end of the 3-year follow-up period, 1184 (27.4%) patients were considered non-persistent with antiplatelet medication. In 1244 (28.8%) patients, a switch in the use of a particular antiplatelet drug was registered during this follow-up period. Female sex (hazard ratio [HR] 1.25) was associated with increased risk of non-persistence. In contrast, factors associated with lower probability of non-persistence were age ≥75 years (HR 0.72), switch in antiplatelet medication use (HR 0.76), diabetes mellitus (HR 0.81), dementia (HR 0.69) and epilepsy (HR 0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that women, patients aged <75 years, and patients without certain comorbid conditions may need improved assistance in secondary prevention management after an ischaemic stroke.

Relationship between circulating tumor cells, blood coagulation, and urokinase-plasminogen-activator system in early breast cancer patients.

Cancer is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and plasma d-dimer (DD) and tissue factor (TF) are established VTE associated markers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with the risk of VTE in metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to correlate CTCs, blood coagulation and the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system in primary breast cancer (PBC) patients. This prospective study included 116 PBC patients treated by primary surgery. CTCs were detected by quantitative RT-PCR assay for expression of epithelial (CK19) or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes (TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, ZEB1, FOXC2). Plasma DD, TF, uPA system proteins were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, while expressions of uPA system in surgical specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. CTCs were detected in 27.6% patients. Patients with CTCs had a significantly higher mean plasma DD (ng/mL) than those of patients without CTCs (632.4 versus 365.4, p = 0.000004). There was no association between plasma TF and CTCs. Epithelial CTCs exhibit higher expression of uPA system genes compared to EMT_CTCs. Patients with CTCs had higher plasma uPA proteins than those of patients without CTCs; there was no correlation between tissue expression of uPA system, CTCs, DD or TF levels. In multivariate analysis CTCs and patients age were independent factors associated with plasma DD. We found association between plasma DD and CTCs indicating a potential role for activation of the coagulation cascade in the early metastatic process. CTCs could be directly involved in coagulation activation or increased CTCs could be marker of aggressive disease and increased VTE risk.

HLA DRB1* and DQB1* alleles are associated with disease severity in patients with pemphigus vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune disease that involves the skin and mucosa. The etiology of PV is multifactorial and includes genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immunological factors. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles associated with PV and variations in the disease phenotype. METHODS: Forty-four PV patients were diagnosed and analyzed at the Bullous Disorders Unit in cooperation with the Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. HLA class II alleles previously found to be associated with PV (DRB1*04:02, DRB1*04:04, DRB1*14:54, DRB1*14:04, DRB1*14:05, DQB1*03:02 and DQB1*05:03) were analyzed according to disease severity, PV type, and gender distribution. RESULTS: Correlations emerged between PV severity scores and HLA alleles. The DRB1*04:02 and DQB1*03:02 alleles were associated with severe PV (P = 0.001); DRB1*04:02 was associated with the mucocutaneous type (P = 0.024), and DQB1*03:02 was found more frequently in female than in male patients (P = 0.016). Analyses of the other alleles did not reveal significant associations with the clinical parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The HLA DRB1* and DQB1* alleles influence susceptibility to PV and may contribute to PV severity and type. These results suggest that genetic background may contribute to disease outcome by affecting the disease course and efficacy of treatment because some of the alleles were found significantly more frequently in patients with severe disease.

Influence of hospitalisation on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in elderly hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The underutilization of beneficial cardiovascular medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in the elderly patients continues to be a matter of concern. The aim of the presented study was to compare the prescription of ACEI and ARB in elderly hypertensive patients at the time of hospital admission and discharge and to identify patient-related factors which determine the prescription of ACEI/ARB. METHODS: The study sample (n = 1111) was selected from 2,157 patients hospitalised at long-term care departments of three municipal hospitals during the period between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009 and included hypertensive patients aged ≥65 years suffering from myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus or nephropathy. RESULTS: In hypertensive patients with myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus and nephropathy, a significant increase was found in the use of ACEI/ARB during hospitalisation. However, there was no similar change in the use of such medications during hospitalisation in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Age ≥85 years (OR = 0.59 and OR = 0.50 at hospital admission and discharge, respectively), depression (OR = 0.63 at hospital discharge) and the systolic blood pressure ≤115 mmHg (OR = 0.45 at hospital discharge) decreased the probability of ACEI/ARB prescription. On the other hand, increasing the number of evaluated co-morbid conditions increased the patient's likelihood of being an "ACEI/ARB user" (OR = 1.20 at hospital discharge). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has identified a subset of elderly hypertensive patients (with heart failure, atrial fibrillation) in whom the use of ACEI/ARB could be improved.

Involvement of virulence properties and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains causing pyelonephritis in children.

A total of 145 Escherichia coli strains causing pyelonephritis in children were investigated for the prevalence of genes encoding the following virulence factors (VFs): P fimbria (67.6 %), S fimbria (53.8 %), AFA adhesins (2.8 %), cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (37.9 %), α-hemolysin (41.4 %), and aerobactin (71.7 %). One hundred and thirty-six (93.8 %) isolates harbored at least one of the virulence genes detected in the present study. Statistically significant co-occurrent presence of two VF genes was found for α-hly-cnf1, α-hly-sfa, cnf1-sfa (p<0.001), and α-hly-pap (p=0.001). Twenty-six profiles of VF genes were detected in this study. The combinations of aer-pap and aer-pap-sfa-α-hly-cnf1 were presented with the highest frequency-both of them in 28 isolates (19.3 %). All E. coli strains included in the study were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin, and tobramycin; the highest frequency resistance was found toward ampicillin (43.4 %), piperacillin (31.7 %), tetracycline (15.9 %), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.7 %). The resistance to the other tested antimicrobial drugs did not exceed 3 % incidence. Overall, 55.9 % strains were susceptible to all tested anti-infective agents. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains toward trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole statistically significantly correlated with the presence of α-hly (p<0.001), sfa (p<0.01), and cnf1 (p<0.05).

Characteristics of elderly patients who consider over-the-counter medications as safe.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of studies evaluating the factors which influence the perception of safety of over-the-counter (OTC) medications by elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our questionnaire survey was to evaluate the perception of the risk of OTC medications by elderly patients and to identify patient-associated characteristics which determine elderly persons who consider OTC medications as safe. SETTING: 25 community pharmacies in different regions of the Slovak Republic. METHODS: A 54-items questionnaire was provided to patients aged ≥65 years who were purchasing at least one OTC medication during the period from May 2010 to November 2010. The questions elicited information on (a) self-assessment of health status; (b) basic characteristics of OTC medications use (e.g. frequency, duration); (c) patients' knowledge on OTC medications; (d) participants' perception of the risk of OTC medications; (e) the list of OTC and prescription-only medications taken; and (f) sociodemographic characteristics of respondents. RESULTS: Of the 793 questionnaires distributed, 519 were finally included in the statistical analysis (response rate of 65.4 %). Women were prevailing in the analysed group (n = 361; 69.6 %). The average age of participants was 72.2 ± 5.6 years. Majority (n = 392, 75.5 %) of the respondents considered OTC medications as safe. Multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression) revealed that elderly patients who considered OTC medications as safe were characterised by use of OTC medications every day (OR = 2.09), preferring a wide range of such drugs in pharmacies (OR = 2.86), considering such medications as effective (OR = 10.33), obtaining information on OTC drugs from pharmacists (OR = 1.91) and willingness to possibly purchase OTC medications outside pharmacies (OR = 3.35). On the other hand, allergic conditions as a reason for purchasing OTC medications (OR = 0.23), recommendation of a physician regarding the choice of OTC medications (OR = 0.51) and considering concurrent use of several medications as a factor increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions (OR = 0.62) emerged as important factors that decreased the probability of elderly patients considering OTC medications as safe. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified various factors that influenced the perceptions of the safety of OTC medications by the elderly and indicated that pharmacists represent the most trusted source of information about OTC medications.

Occurrence of erectile dysfunction, testosterone deficiency syndrome and metabolic syndrome in patients with abdominal obesity. Where is a sufficient level of testosterone?

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS), and metabolic syndrome in patients with abdominal obesity (AO) and the prevalence of morbidity at different levels of testosterone (TST). BACKGROUND: Male sex hormones play an important role in ED and variety of TDS and may have influence on the development of metabolic syndrome. The number of men with AO which constitutes a serious health risk is continuously growing. Currently, there are different views that TST levels are already insufficient, and the patient should benefit from treatment. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between ED, testosterone level and metabolic syndrome in men with AO. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was carried out in an outpatient urology center of Urology Clinic and Obesity Center of the Clinic of Internal Medicine. There were 167 participants­men with AO which were examined as part of preventive examination. METHODS: Hormonal, a complete urological and internal evaluation was carried out in every patient. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We found some degree of ED in 73% (122/167) in men with AO. The TST levels below 14 nmol/l had of these 122 patients 84 patients (68.9%) and 49 patients (40.2%) below 10 nmol/l. In this group of patients, we found 103/167 patients (61.7%) with metabolic syndrome. When we compared TST level and morbidity, we found significantly more patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and dyslipidemia in group with TST below 10 nmol/l. We also found difference in the levels of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in the group of patients with TST 10­14 and over 14 nmol/l. CONCLUSION: Patients over 40 years of age with AO and ED should also be examined for TDS and metabolic syndrome. In this group of patients we found that 113/167 patients (67.6%) had total TST below 14 nmol/l, and sufficient level of TST seems to be above this level.

The use of medications with anticholinergic properties and risk factors for their use in hospitalised elderly patients.

PURPOSE: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the use of drugs with anticholinergic properties in elderly patients and to identify risk factors that increase the patient's chance of being given such medications. METHODS: The study was performed on a sample of 1636 patients aged ≥65 years hospitalised during the period between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2009 in three municipal hospitals. To evaluate the factors influencing the use of anticholinergic medications, we compared two groups-users and non-users of such drugs-in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as comorbid conditions. The most important risk factors were identified using the binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Hospitalisation led to a significant increase in the prevalence of anticholinergic medication users, when comparing their occurrence at the time of hospital admission and discharge (10.5% and 14.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). A significantly higher total number of prescribed drugs were found in the group of users compared with non-users, at both hospital admission (7.2 ± 3.5 vs 5.7 ± 3.1; p < 0.001) and discharge (8.7 ± 3.1 vs 7.5 ± 2.9; p < 0.001). Immobilisation, urinary incontinence and retention, constipation, gastroduodenal ulcer disease as well as neurologic and psychiatric comorbidities (depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy) appeared as the most important risk factors of using anticholinergic medications. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should be aware of the greater risk of adverse anticholinergic effects of drugs in certain therapeutic classes in the elderly. In patients with risk factors mentioned previously, special attention should be paid to active identification of anticholinergic effects of medications.