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Invited for this month's cover, the researchers from UTCBS and CiTCoM from Université Paris Cité (Paris, France), as well as Materia Nova (Mons, Belgium). The image emphasizes the deep eutectic solvent preparation thanks to hydrogen bond acceptor and donor interactions for drugs formulation and therapeutic applications. The Review itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202300669.
Subject(s)
Deep Eutectic Solvents , Solvents/chemistry , Drug Compounding , Hydrogen BondingABSTRACT
In the spirit of circular economy and sustainable chemistry, the use of environmentally friendly chemical products in pharmacy has become a hot topic. In recent years, organic solvents have been the subject of a great range of restriction policies due to their harmful effects on the environment and toxicity to human health. In parallel, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as suitable greener solvents with beneficial environmental impacts and a rich palette of physicochemical advantages related to their low cost and biocompatibility. Additionally, DESs can enable remarkable solubilizing effect for several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), thus forming therapeutic DESs (TheDESs). In this work, special attention is paid to DESs, presenting a precise definition, classification, methods of preparation, and characterization. A description of natural DESs (NaDESs), i. e., eutectic solvents present in natural sources, is also reported. Moreover, the present review article is the first one to detail the different approaches for judiciously selecting the constituents of DESs in order to minimize the number of experiments. The role of DESs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors and their impact on the development of successful therapies are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Deep Eutectic Solvents , Humans , Solvents/chemistry , Pharmaceutical PreparationsABSTRACT
We report the formulation, characterization, colloidal stability, and in vitro efficiency of Fisetin nanocrystals stabilized by poloxamer P407. Such nanocrystals present a nanometer scale (148.6 ± 1.1 nm) and a high homogeneity (polydispersity index of 0.17 ± 0.01), with a production yield of 97.0 ± 2.5%. The engineered formulations of nanocrystals suspension (pH of 7.4 ± 0.1), stabilized via steric repulsion, are stable for several days in aqueous environment (Milli Q water, NaCl 10 mM or mannitol 5% w/v), for few days in HEPES buffered saline (HBS) (20 / 150 mM) under sink conditions, and in culture medium. After freeze drying in 5% w/v mannitol, the nanocrystal formulations can be stored at -80 °C for at least 120 days. Drug release experiments displayed a 98.7 ± 5.1% cumulative release over 3 days in HBS. Compared to the free drug, the nanocrystal formulations showed an improved cytotoxicity highlighted by the decrease of the half maximal inhibitory concentration for both murine Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) and human endothelial (EA.hy926) cell lines. In addition, after incubation with Fisetin nanosuspensions, significant changes in the cell morphology for both cell lines were observed, showing an improved anti-angiogenic effect of nanocrystals formulation compared to the free drug. Overall, Fisetin formulated as nanocrystals showed enhanced biopharmaceutical properties and in vitro activity, offering a wide range of indications for challenging applications in the clinic.
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Spontaneous interneuron activity plays a critical role in developing neuronal networks. Discharges conducted antidromically along the dorsal root (DR) precede those from the ventral root’s (VR) motoneurons. This work studied whether spinal interneurons project axons into the neonate’s dorsal roots. Experiments were carried out in postnatal Swiss-Webster mice. We utilized a staining technique and found that interneurons in the spinal cord’s dorsal horn send axons through the dorsal roots. In vitro electrophysiological recordings showed antidromic action potentials (dorsal root reflex; DRR) produced by depolarizing the primary afferent terminals. These reflexes appeared by stimulating the adjacent dorsal roots. We found that bicuculline reduced the DRR evoked by L5 dorsal root stimulation when recording from the L4 dorsal root. Simultaneously, the monosynaptic reflex (MR) in the L5 ventral root was not affected; nevertheless, a long-lasting after-discharge appeared. The addition of 2-amino-5 phosphonovaleric acid (AP5), an NMDA receptor antagonist, abolished the MR without changing the after-discharge. The absence of DRR and MR facilitated single action potentials in the dorsal and ventral roots that persisted even in low Ca2+ concentrations. The results suggest that firing interneurons could send their axons through the dorsal roots. These interneurons could activate motoneurons producing individual spikes recorded in the ventral roots. Identifying these interneurons and the persistence of their neuronal connectivity in adulthood remains to be established.
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SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral response was analyzed over time in a group of healthcare workers with or without exposure to SARS-CoV-2, who underwent vaccination with BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine in Argentina. Seroconversion rates in unexposed subjects after the first and second doses were 40% and 100%, respectively, showing a significant increase in antibody concentrations from dose 1 to dose 2 (p<0.0001). The highest antibody concentrations were found in younger subjects and women, remaining significantly associated in a multivariable linear regression model (p=0.005). A single dose of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine induced a strong antibody response in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2infection, while a second dose did not increase this response. A sharp increase in antibody concentrations was observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection in those participants who became infected after the first and second doses (p=0.008). Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 exposure prior to vaccination showed significantly higher anti-spike IgG antibody levels, at all-time points, than those not exposed (p<0.001). Higher antibody titers were induced by a single dose in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals than those induced in naive subjects by two doses of the vaccine (p<0.0001). Three months after the second dose both groups showed a decline in antibody levels, being more abrupt in unexposed subjects. Overall, our results showed a trend towards lower antibody concentrations over time following BBIBP-CorV vaccination. Sex and age seem to influence the magnitude of the humoral response in unexposed subjects while the combination of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 plus vaccination, whatever the sequence of the events was, produced a sharp increase in antibody levels. Evaluation of the humoral responses over time and the analysis of the induction and persistence of memory B and T cell responses, are needed to assess long-term immune protection induced by BBIBP-CorV vaccine.
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Introducción. El desarrollo de las imágenes diagnósticas hizo posible el diagnóstico topográfico de los tumores de mediastino; sin embargo, aún con los avances actuales de la cirugía, la anestesiología y la reanimación, el acceso quirúrgico a ese espacio medio de la caja torácica continúa siendo el gran reto que enfrentan los cirujanos torácicos. Objetivo. Profundizar en los diferentes aspectos cognoscitivos actualizados sobre los tumores mediastinales.Métodos. Búsqueda documental digital en bases de datos: Scielo, Lilacs, Web of Science, PubMed, realizada en enero de 2019, de publicaciones sobre el tema en la presente centuria. Resultados. Las neoplasias mediastinales son poco frecuentes, pueden aparecer a cualquier edad, aunque son más frecuentes entre la tercera y quinta décadas, y la mayoría se descubren incidentalmente en una radiografía de tórax de rutina en pacientes asintomáticos. Los tumores malignos del mediastino son poco frecuentes, pero los benignos constituyen un desafío diagnóstico para radiólogos y patólogos. En las neoplasias malignas se identifica una amplia gama de variedades histológicas, atribuibles a las características del órgano afectado. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico definitivo generalmente se establece mediante el estudio histopatológico posquirúrgico, si bien la tomografía computarizada, asociada o no a la biopsia percutánea, es el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico preoperatorio. La selección de la vía de entrada al tórax, así como el procedimiento quirúrgico, están condicionados por la localización y el tamaño del tumor en el mediastino
Introduction. The development of diagnostic images made the topographic diagnosis of mediastinal tumors possible; however, even with current advances in surgery, anesthesiology, and resuscitation, surgical access to this mid-rib cage space continues to be the great challenge faced by chest surgeons.Objective. To deepen in the different updated cognitive aspects about mediastinal tumors.Methods. Digital documentary search in databases: Scielo, Lilacs, Web of Science, and PubMed, performed in January 2019, of publications on the subject in the present century.Results. Mediastinal neoplasms are rare, they can appear at any age, although they are most common between the third and fifth decades, and most are discovered incidentally on a routine chest radiograph in asymptomatic patients. Malignant tumors of the mediastinum are rare, but benign tumors pose a diagnostic challenge for radiologists and pathologists. In malignant neoplasms, a wide range of histological varieties is identified, attributable to the characteristics of the affected organ.Conclusions. The definitive diagnosis is generally established by postoperative histopathological study, although computed tomography, associated or not with percutaneous biopsy, is the gold standard for preoperative diagnosis. The selection of the entry route to the thorax, as well as the surgical procedure, are conditioned by the location and size of the tumor in the mediastinum
Subject(s)
Humans , Mediastinum , Thoracic Surgery , Endoscopy , Mediastinal NeoplasmsABSTRACT
El quiste hidatídico es una enfermedad parasitaria humana causada por el estado quístico del parasito Echinococcus granulosus. En el Perú hay zonas hiperendémicas de hidatidosis humana. Los quistes hidatídicos hepáticos son los más frecuentes, y la ruptura hacia el tórax es rara, siendo menor de 1% de los casos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con quiste hidatídico hepático roto agudamente hacia tórax que es una patología de difícil abordaje y de alto riesgo para el paciente y como fue resuelto en forma multidisciplinaria. (AU)
Hydatid cyst is a human parasitic disease caused by the cystic stage of Echinococcus granulosus. There are hyperendemic areas of hydatidosis in Peru. Liver involvement is the common affection of the disease, rupture of liver cysts into the thorax is rare (less than 1% of cases). We present the case of a female patients who presented with a liver cyst rupture to the thorax, a multidisciplinary approach was needed to cure the patient. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Echinococcosis/surgery , Echinococcosis/diagnosis , LiverABSTRACT
We aimed to analyze the nursing work process directed at care in the Nutrition, Growth and Development Surveillance and Control Program (VNCD) for children under five years at a social security institution in Mexico. The study adopted a qualitative approach and was based on the work category, on conceptions of the work process in health and on institutional analysis. We carried out direct systematic observations and interviews with a group of nurses and their assistants and with mothers who attended nursing appointments with their children. The care process was identified as procedure-centered and based on care protocols, with rapid appointments and little room for interaction between nurses and mothers. However, on some occasions, nurses were capable of producing live work as a result of their self-government, which allowed them to establish a mother/child-centered care nucleus.
Subject(s)
Health Promotion , Maternal-Child Nursing , Nursing Process , Social Security , Adult , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , MexicoABSTRACT
We aimed to analyze the nursing work process directed at care in the Nutrition, Growth and Development Surveillance and Control Program (VNCD) for children under five years at a social security institution in Mexico. The study adopted a qualitative approach and was based on the work category, on conceptions of the work process in health and on institutional analysis. We carried out direct systematic observations and interviews with a group of nurses and their assistants and with mothers who attended nursing appointments with their children. The care process was identified as procedure-centered and based on care protocols, with rapid appointments and little room for interaction between nurses and mothers. However, on some occasions, nurses were capable of producing live work as a result of their self-government, which allowed them to establish a mother/child-centered care nucleus.
El objetivo fue analizar el proceso de trabajo de la enfermera en el Programa de Vigilancia y Control de la Nutrición, Crecimiento y Desarrollo (VNCD) del menor de cinco años, en la Seguridad Social de México. El estudio, de aproximación cualitativa, se fundamentó en la categoría trabajo, en los conceptos de proceso de trabajo en salud y en enfermería, en la micropolítica del trabajo vivo en salud, así como en el análisis institucional. Se realizaron observaciones sistemáticas directas y entrevistas a un grupo de enfermeras, sus asistentes y a las madres que acudieron con sus hijos a la consulta de enfermería. El proceso de cuidado identificado fue procedimiento-centrado, basado en protocolos de atención con consultas rápidas y con poco espacio de interacción entre la enfermera y la madre. Sin embargo, la enfermera fue capaz de producir, en ocasiones, trabajo vivo a partir de su autogobierno, permitiéndole establecer un núcleo de cuidado madre/hijo-centrado.
O objetivo foi analisar o processo de trabalho da enfermeira orientado ao cuidado no Programa da Vigilância e Controle da Nutrição, Crescimento e Desenvolvimento (VNCD) do menor de cinco anos na Seguridade Social do México. O estudo, de abordagem qualitativa, se fundamentou na categoria trabalho, nas concepções do processo de trabalho em saúde e em enfermagem, na micropolítica do trabalho vivo em saúde assim como na análise institucional. Realizaram-se observações sistemáticas diretas e entrevistas com um grupo de enfermeiras, suas assistentes e as mães que compareceram com seus filhos à consulta de enfermagem. O processo de cuidado identificado foi o procedimento-centrado baseado em protocolos de atenção, com consultas rápidas e pouco espaço de interação entre enfermeira e mãe. No entanto, a enfermeira foi capaz de produzir, em ocasiões, trabalho vivo a partir do seu auto-governo, o que lhe permitiu estabelecer um núcleo de cuidado mãe/filho-centrado.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Humans , Male , Female , Child Care , Maternal-Child Nursing , Nursing, Team , Professional Practice , Nurse-Patient Relations , Social Welfare , Biomedical TechnologyABSTRACT
Se describe un caso de prolapso de valvula mitral de origen primario, con degeneracion mixomatosa en un paciente de 19 años, operado con cambio de valvula mitral
Subject(s)
Male , Adolescent , Mitral Valve/anatomy & histology , Mitral Valve/surgeryABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, tomándose como muestra a 405 pacientes portadores de asma bronquial en el Policlínico"Armando García Aspuru " de Santiago de Cuba, durante el período 1994-1995.Se aplican encuestas a los pacientes objeto de estudio, encontrándose un predominio en el grupo de edades de 0 a 14 años y el sexo femenino con el 55,1 por ciento, el mayor porciento está clasificado como grado I.Comprobamos que dentro de los escolares y trabajadores existe buen nivel educativo que favorecen la comprensión de su enfermedad.Se destaca que un mayor número de pacientes son trabajadores, garantizando de esta forma el sustento de la familia con gran aceptación social, el 76,1 por ciento de la muestra estudiadad tiene antecedentes familiares de asma bronquial, fundamentalmente la línea materna, así como los alérgicos al polvo y los hongos con mayor número y porciento, el tratamiento medicamentoso e inmunoterapia se utilizó en el 30,9 y 26,4 por ciento respectivamente, siendo significativo que el 93,3 por ciento de los pacientes se encuentran incorporados a alguna forma de actividad fisiológica terapéutica.El mayor porciento de las viviendas fueron evaluadas de buena y se evidencia una intensa labor educativa, predominando la charla educativa como técnica más utilizada.Arribamos a conclusiones que ponen de manifiesto el papel del médico y la enfermera en el control y orientación a los pacientes asmáticos y a su familia
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Child , Aged , Asthma , Health Surveillance , Nurses , Physicians, FamilyABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, tomándose como muestra a 405 pacientes portadores de asma bronquial en el Policlínico"Armando García Aspuru " de Santiago de Cuba, durante el período 1994-1995.Se aplican encuestas a los pacientes objeto de estudio, encontrándose un predominio en el grupo de edades de 0 a 14 años y el sexo femenino con el 55,1 por ciento, el mayor porciento está clasificado como grado I.Comprobamos que dentro de los escolares y trabajadores existe buen nivel educativo que favorecen la comprensión de su enfermedad.Se destaca que un mayor número de pacientes son trabajadores, garantizando de esta forma el sustento de la familia con gran aceptación social, el 76,1 por ciento de la muestra estudiadad tiene antecedentes familiares de asma bronquial, fundamentalmente la línea materna, así como los alérgicos al polvo y los hongos con mayor número y porciento, el tratamiento medicamentoso e inmunoterapia se utilizó en el 30,9 y 26,4 por ciento respectivamente, siendo significativo que el 93,3 por ciento de los pacientes se encuentran incorporados a alguna forma de actividad fisiológica terapéutica.El mayor porciento de las viviendas fueron evaluadas de buena y se evidencia una intensa labor educativa, predominando la charla educativa como técnica más utilizada.Arribamos a conclusiones que ponen de manifiesto el papel del médico y la enfermera en el control y orientación a los pacientes asmáticos y a su familia
