ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to establish a plasma concentration curve for ropivacaine following femoral nerve blockade and to ascertain whether the resulting plasma concentrations differ significantly depending on whether neurostimulation (NS) or ultrasound (US) guidance was used. METHODS: Sixteen male and female subjects aged 18 to 80 who were scheduled to undergo unilateral total knee replacement or anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under general or spinal anaesthesia, and for whom a femoral nerve block was indicated for postoperative analgesia, were enrolled in this prospective, randomised study. Patients were randomised to undergo either US or NS-guidance femoral nerve blocks. All blocks were performed with 20 mL of 5mg/mL ropivacaine. Blood samples were drawn before the nerve block and 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 minutes after the block. Plasma levels of ropivacaine were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: All blocks were successful and no patient showed signs or symptoms of local anaesthetic toxicity. The plasma concentration of ropivacaine peaked at 30 minutes in both arms. There was no significant difference in peak levels between US and NS-guidance (0.325±0.186 versus 0.356±0.106 µg/mL). Cmax and tmax were very similar between groups (0.364±0.177 versus 0.344±0.127 µg/mL, 33.75±15.06 versus 31.25±13.56 min for US and NS, respectively). CONCLUSION: Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine peak around 30 minutes after a femoral nerve block regardless of the technique used. No significant difference was found between US- and NS-guidance.
Subject(s)
Amides/blood , Anesthetics, Local/blood , Femoral Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Block/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/methods , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/methods , Electric Stimulation , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Prospective Studies , Ropivacaine , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Young AdultABSTRACT
We report here the synthesis of two amino precursors for the production of mitomycin C and 10-decarbamoylmitomycin C DNA adducts with opposite stereochemistry at C-1. The triamino mitosene precursors were synthesized in 5 steps from mitomycin C. In addition synthesis of the major mitomycin C-DNA adduct has been accomplished via coupling of a triaminomitosene with 2-fluoro-O(6)-(2-p-nitrophenylethyl)deoxyinosine followed by deprotection at the N(2) and O(6) positions.
Subject(s)
DNA Adducts/chemistry , Mitomycin/chemistry , Mitomycins/chemistry , DNA Adducts/chemical synthesis , Isomerism , Mitomycin/chemical synthesis , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
In forensic evidence, the identification and quantitation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in "spiked" beverages is challenging. In this report, we present the analysis of common alcoholic beverages found in clubs and bars spiked with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Our analysis of the spiked beverages consisted of using (1)H NMR with a water suppression method called Presaturation Utilizing Relaxation Gradients and Echoes (PURGE). The following beverages were analyzed: water, 10% ethanol in water, vodka-cranberry juice, rum and coke, gin and tonic, whisky and diet coke, white wine, red wine, and beer. The PURGE method allowed for the direct identification and quantitation of both compounds in all beverages except red and white wine where small interferences prevented accurate quantitation. The NMR method presented in this paper utilizes PURGE water suppression. Thanks to the use of a capillary internal standard, the method is fast, non-destructive, sensitive and requires no sample preparation which could disrupt the equilibrium between GHB and GBL.
