Study of the Membrane Activity of the Synthetic Peptide ∆M3 Against Extended-Spectrum ß-lactamase Escherichia coli Isolates.

Escherichia coli is the most common microorganism causing nosocomial or community-acquired bacteremia, and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates are identified worldwide with increasing frequency. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate potential new molecules like antimicrobial peptides. They are recognized for their biological potential which makes them promising candidates in the fight against infections. The goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the synthetic peptide ΔM3 on several extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing E. coli isolates. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of the peptide was spectrophotometrically determined. Additionally, the capacity of the peptide to interact with the bacterial membrane was monitored by fluorescence microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the synthetic peptide is active against Escherichia coli isolates at concentrations similar to Meropenem. On the other hand, no cytotoxic effect was observed in HaCaT keratinocyte cells even at 10 times the minimal inhibitory concentration. Microscopy results showed a permeabilizing effect of the peptide on the bacteria. The infrared results showed that ΔM3 showed affinity for the lipids of the microorganism's membrane. The results suggest that the ∆M3 interacts with the negatively charged lipids from the E. coli by a disturbing effect on membrane. Finally, the secondary structure experiments of the peptide showed a random structure in solution that did not change during the interaction with the membranes.

Biophysical Insights into the Antitumoral Activity of Crotalicidin against Breast Cancer Model Membranes.

Bioactive peptides have emerged as promising therapeutic agents with antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and, recently, antitumoral properties with a mechanism of action based on membrane destabilization and cell death, often involving a conformational change in the peptide. This biophysical study aims to provide preliminary insights into the membrane-level antitumoral mode of action of crotalicidin, a cationic host defense peptide from rattlesnake venom, toward breast cancer cell lines. The lipid composition of breast cancer cell lines was obtained after lipid extraction and quantification to prepare representative cell membrane models. Membrane-peptide interaction studies were performed using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The outcome evidences the potential antitumoral activity and selectivity of crotalicidin toward breast cancer cell lines and suggests a mechanism initiated by the electrostatic interaction of the peptide with the lipid bilayer surface and posterior conformation change with membrane intercalation between the acyl chains in negatively charged lipid systems. This research provides valuable information that clears up the antitumoral mode of action of crotalicidin.

ΔM4: Membrane-Active Peptide with Antitumoral Potential against Human Skin Cancer Cells.

Peptides have become attractive potential agents due to their affinity to cancer cells. In this work, the biological activity of the peptide ΔM4 against melanoma cancer cell line A375, epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431, and non-tumoral HaCaT cells was evaluated. The cytotoxic MTT assay demonstrates that ΔM4 show five times more activity against cancer than non-cancer cells. The potential membrane effect of ΔM4 was evaluated through lactate dehydrogenase release and Sytox uptake experiments. The results show a higher membrane activity of ΔM4 against A431 in comparison with the A375 cell line at a level of 12.5 µM. The Sytox experiments show that ΔM4 has a direct effect on the permeability of cancer cells in comparison with control cells. Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the affinity of the peptide to membranes resembling the composition of tumoral and non-tumoral cells. The results show that ΔM4 induces a fluidization effect on the tumoral lipid system over 5% molar concentration. Finally, to determine the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of the cell, flow cytometry analyses were performed employing an annexin V-PE conjugate. The results suggest that 12.5 µM of ΔM4 induces phosphatidylserine translocation in A375 and A431 cancer cells. The findings of this study support the potential of ΔM4 as a selective agent for targeting cancer cells. Its mechanism of action demonstrated selectivity, membrane-disrupting effects, and induction of phosphatidylserine translocation.

Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Multi-Component Lipid Systems: A Closer Approximation to Biological Membrane Fluidity.

Membranes are essential to cellular organisms, and play several roles in cellular protection as well as in the control and transport of nutrients. One of the most critical membrane properties is fluidity, which has been extensively studied, using mainly single component systems. In this study, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate the thermal behavior of multi-component supported lipid bilayers that mimic the membrane composition of tumoral and non-tumoral cell membranes, as well as microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that, for tumoral and non-tumoral membrane models, the presence of cholesterol induced a loss of cooperativity of the transition. However, in the absence of cholesterol, the transitions of the multi-component lipid systems had sigmoidal curves where the gel and fluid phases are evident and where main transition temperatures were possible to determine. Additionally, the possibility of designing multi-component lipid systems showed the potential to obtain several microorganism models, including changes in the cardiolipin content associated with the resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the potential use of multi-component lipid systems in the determination of the conformational change of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 was studied. The results showed that LL-37 underwent a conformational change when interacting with Staphylococcus aureus models, instead of with the erythrocyte membrane model. The results showed the versatile applications of multi-component lipid systems studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Understanding the Biophysical Interaction of LTX-315 with Tumoral Model Membranes.

Host defense peptides are found primarily as natural antimicrobial agents among all lifeforms. These peptides and their synthetic derivatives have been extensively studied for their potential use as therapeutic agents. The most accepted mechanism of action of these peptides is related to a nonspecific mechanism associated with their interaction with the negatively charged groups present in membranes, inducing bilayer destabilization and cell death through several routes. Among the most recently reported peptides, LTX-315 has emerged as an important oncolytic peptide that is currently in several clinical trials against different cancer types. However, there is a lack of biophysical studies regarding LTX-315 and its interaction with membranes. This research focuses primarily on the understanding of the molecular bases of LTX-315's interaction with eukaryotic lipids, based on two artificial systems representative of non-tumoral and tumoral membranes. Additionally, the interaction with individual lipids was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. The results showed a strong interaction of LTX-315 with the negatively charged phosphatidylserine. The results are important for understanding and facilitating the design and development of improved peptides with anticancer activity.

Effect of Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition, Biofilm Formation and Membrane Integrity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Biofilm as a cellular conformation confers survival properties to microbial populations and favors microbial resistance. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antimotility, antihemolytic activity, and the interaction with synthetic membranes of 15 essential oils (EOs) on E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Antimicrobial activity of EOs was determined through microdilution method; development of the biofilm was assessed using the crystal violet assay and SEM microscopy. Results indicate that Lippia origanoides thymol-carvacrol II chemotype (LTC II) and Thymus vulgaris (TV) exhibited a significant antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.45 and 0.75 mg/mL, respectively. The percentage of biofilm formation inhibition was greater than 70% at subinhibitory concentrations (MIC50) for LTC II EO. The results demonstrate that these two oils had significantly reduced the hemolytic effect of S. aureus by 54% and 32%, respectively, and the mobility capacity by swimming in E. coli with percentages of decrease of 55% and 47%, respectively. The results show that LTC II and TV EOs can interact with the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers and alter the physicochemical properties of membranes. The findings suggest that LTC II and TV oils may potentially be used to aid in the treatment of S. aureus and E. coli infections.

Isolation of Human Intestinal Bacteria Capable of Producing the Bioactive Metabolite Isourolithin A from Ellagic Acid.

Urolithins are intestinal microbial metabolites produced from ellagitannin- and ellagic acid-containing foods such as walnuts, strawberries, and pomegranates. These metabolites, better absorbed than their precursors, can contribute significantly to the beneficial properties attributed to the polyphenols ellagitannins and ellagic acid (EA). However, both the ability of producing the final metabolites in this catabolism (urolithins A, B and isourolithin A) and the health benefits associated with ellagitannin consumption differ considerably among individuals depending on their gut microbiota composition. Three human urolithin metabotypes have been previously described, i.e., metabotype 0 (urolithin non-producers), metabotype A (production of urolithin A as unique final urolithin) and metabotype B (urolithin B and/or isourolithin A are produced besides urolithin A). Although production of some intermediary urolithins has been recently attributed to intestinal species from Eggerthellaceae family named Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens and Gordonibacter pamelaeae, the identification of the microorganisms responsible for the complete transformation of EA into the final urolithins, especially those related to metabotype B, are still unknown. In the present research we illustrate the isolation of urolithin-producing strains from human feces of a healthy adult and their ability to transform EA into different urolithin metabolites, including isourolithin A. The isolates belong to a new genus from Eggerthellaceae family. EA transformation and urolithin production arisen during the stationary phase of the growth of the bacteria under anaerobic conditions. The HPLC-DAD-MS analyses demonstrated the sequential appearance of 3,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-urolithin (urolithin M6), 3,8,9-trihydroxy-urolithin (urolithin C) and 3,9-dihydroxy-urolithin (isourolithin A) while 3,8-dihydroxy-urolithin (urolithin A) and 3-hydroxy-urolithin (urolithin B) were not detected. For the first time isourolithin A production capacity of pure strains has been described. The biological activity attributed to urolithins A and B and isourolithin A (anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties) explains the relevance of identifying these urolithin-producing bacteria as potential novel probiotics with applications in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Their human administration could improve the health benefits upon ellagitannin consumption, especially in metabotype 0 individuals. However, further research is necessary to probe well-established beneficial effects on the host and safety requirements before being considered among the next-generation probiotics.

Influence of water stress and storage time on preservation of the fresh volatile profile of three basil genotypes.

The main goal of the present study was to describe the volatile profile of three different basil genotypes (Genovese and Green and Purple Iranian), and the impact that water stress (75% and 50% field capacity) and storage time (up to 7days) have under mild refrigerated conditions. The chromatographic profile pointed to three different chemotypes: linalool/eugenol, neral/geranial, and estragol, for Genovese, Green, and Purple genotypes, respectively. Water stress depleted the volatile profile of these three landraces, due to a reduction in the absolute concentrations of some of the components related to fresh aroma (linalool, nerol, geraniol and eugenol). The stability of the basil volatile profile during storage varied depending on the water stress that had been applied. Concentration reductions of close to 50% were quantified for most of the components identified in the Purple genotype.

Effect of Water Stress and Storage Time on Anthocyanins and Other Phenolics of Different Genotypes of Fresh Sweet Basil.

This study describes the effect of water stress and storage time on the content of anthocyanins and other phenolics in different genotypes of fresh sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Purple and green Iranian cultivars and a Genovese variety were exposed to a control (100% of the field capacity, FC) and to water stress of mild and severe deficit irrigation treatments (25 and 50 DI corresponding to 75 and 50% FC, respectively). The individual characterization by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n) and the MS fragmentation pathway of anthocyanins are described. A 50% increase in the anthocyanin content was observed in 50 DI after storage. Water stress markedly enhanced the content of phenolic acids after storage in the three genotypes. Water stress can be an efficient way to help the sustainability of water resources, enriching the content of phenolic compounds that may be beneficial to human health.

Ultrasound treatments improve the microbiological quality of water reservoirs used for the irrigation of fresh produce.

Irrigation water has been highlighted as a source of microbial contamination in produce. Water treatment has been recommended as an intervention strategy to reduce microbial risks associated to irrigation water. Commercial water treatments mostly depend on chemical agents; although growers search for greener alternatives to chemical biocides. Ultrasounds (US) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly technology for irrigation water. In the present study, the suitability of two US treatments (20kHz: US20 and 40kHz: US40 at a specific energy (Es) of 745J/L) and one chlorine treatment (1-2ppm free chlorine) was evaluated and compared to the untreated control. Five water reservoirs belonging to five commercial intensive farms were selected as representative of irrigation practices generally used in south of Europe. All tested water treatments were able to reduce microbial loads, including Escherichia coli (0.5-0.6 log units), to values that were accepted in most of the recommended guidelines of good agricultural practices (≤2logunits). The obtained reductions were lower than those previously reported for these water treatment technologies in lab-scale tests. High microbial reductions are commonly obtained in laboratory studies, yielding impressive results. However, when the same treatments are applied under real commercial conditions, microbial reductions are usually less impressive. All water treatments were able to reduce COD of irrigation water when compared to the untreated control. COD reductions obtained using chlorine (≥430mg/L) and US 20 (~100mg/L) were higher than those observed using US 40 (<50mg/L). The impact of the water quality on the efficacy of US treatments was evaluated in two types of water including surface water and treated wastewater. It was found that the quality of the irrigation water significantly influences the efficacy of the ultrasound treatment. Correlations between indicator parameters have been also evaluated. Obtained results showed that high algae counts were well correlated with high levels of coliforms and E. coli. It could be concluded that US can be proposed as an alternative water treatment to chemical treatments to preserve microbial quality of irrigation water stored in water reservoirs reducing the environmental impact.

Influence of nutrient solutions in an open-field soilless system on the quality characteristics and shelf life of fresh-cut red and green lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) in different seasons.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the impact of nutrient solution ion concentration on quality characteristics and shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce grown in soilless systems in open field. Three lettuce genotypes, lollo rosso and red oak leaf as red-leafed genotypes and butterhead as green-leafed genotype, were studied. The influence of three nutrient solutions with low, medium and high ion concentrations, which varied in the macroanion (NO3⁻) and macrocations (K⁺, Ca²âº and NH4⁺), were compared in summer and winter. RESULTS: The nutrient solutions evaluated in this study for the production of lettuce in a soilless system did not strongly influence the quality characteristics of the raw material. When the ion concentration of the nutrient solution was increased, fresh weight decreased, although it depended on the genotype and season. Maturity index and dry matter content varied with the season but independently of the nutrient solution. In summer, maturity index was higher and dry matter lower than in winter. Initial texture and visual quality were not influenced by the nutrient solution. Medium ion concentration provided the highest content of vitamin C and phenolic compounds. Our observations pointed out that the genotype had a strong influence on the shelf life of the fresh-cut product with minor differences among nutrient solutions. In general, red-leafed lettuces showed the highest antioxidant content, helping the maintenance of sensory characteristics throughout storage. CONCLUSION: The combination of optimal nutrient solution ion concentration and suitable cultivar is considered essential to ensure lettuce post-cutting life.

Estimación del subregistro y subnotificación de sífilis en las embarazadas de cuatro áreas sanitarias de la provincia de Tucumán en 2011 / Estimate of underrecording and underreporting of syphilis in pregnant women from four health areas of Tucumán province in 2011

INTRODUCCIÓN La sífilis está considerada una enfermedad emergente. En la provincia de Tucumán, la prevalencia en embarazadas fue de 1,19% en 2010. OBJETIVOS Estimar el subregistro y la subnotificación de sífilis materna en cuatro áreas sanitarias de la provincia de Tucumán durante 2011. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se efectuó una comparación caso a caso de los pacientes registrados en varias fuentes, según un instrumento propuesto por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, basado en la identificación de casos de sífilis a través de múltiples fuentes de información. RESULTADOS Se analizaron 2.403 historias clínicas de control prenatal y 4.560 registros de laboratorio de las cuatro áreas sanitarias seleccionadas. La subnotificación varió en un rango de 11 a 100%, se observó una prevalencia de entre 0,21 y 3%. Un porcentaje de 0 a 30% de los registros presentó datos incompletos. La precisión diagnóstica varió entre 55 y 100%. El subregistro osciló entre 10 y 30% en las diferentes áreas estudiadas. DISCUSIÓN Hay altos porcentajes de subnotificación, con mucha variación entre las áreas y según las fuentes de información (registros de laboratorios o historias clínicas de control prenatal). El porcentaje hallado de subregistros es alto con respecto a las normas.

Mutations in CFTR gene and clinical correlation in Argentine patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.

Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is a form of male infertility in which mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene have been identified. Here we identify different mutations of CFTR and the poly-T variant of intron 8 (IVS8) in Argentine patients and analyze sweat test values and clinical characteristic related to Cystic Fibrosis (CF). For counseling purposes the two most frequent mutations in Argentine CF population: deltaF508 and G542X were screened in wives. In all cases, it was possible to reduce the risk of CF/CBAVD descendants in these couples because none of the mutation were found in the 36 samples. Eight patients (23%) showed abnormal chloride values (> 60 mmol/l). A second group of 6 patients (18%) had borderline values of sweat chloride (40-59 mmol/l). We defined another group with 6 patients (18%), with normal sweat chloride levels (30-39 mmo/l) and a fourth group of 14 (41%) patients with sweat chloride below 30 mmol/l. deltaF508, the most frequent CF mutation in the Argentine population, was found on 15 of the 72 chromosomes (21%), R117H mutation was detected on 2 of 62 chromosomes (3%). Only one R347P allele was found on 28 chromosomes analyzed (2%). On a sample of 27 patients, IVS8 analysis showed a frequency of 6/56 chromosomes (11%) of 5T allele. Even though these findings present an improvement in the detection of mutations related to clinical correlations in Argentine CBAVD population, the search for other common and uncommon mutations should be continued.

Mutations in CFTR gene and clinical correlation in argentine patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens

Correlación de las características clínicas con mutaciones del gen CFTR en pacientes argentinos con ausencia bilateral congénita de vasos deferentes. La ausencia bilateral congénita de vasos deferentes (CBAVD) es una forma de infertilidad masculina en la que se han identificado mutaciones en el gen de la conductancia transmembrana de la fibrosis quística (CFTR). Hemos estudiado en pacientes argentinos diferentes mutaciones en el CFTR y la variante poli T del intron 8 (IVS8) y analizado los valores de test del sudor y las características clínicas relacionadas a la Fibrosis Quística (FQ). Para el asesoramiento genético se han estudiado en las esposas de estos pacientes, las dos mutaciones más frecuentes en la población FQ del país, ∆F508 y G542X. Como no se encontraron mutaciones, el riesgo de descendencia CF/CBAVD fue reducido del 2 al 0.7%. Ocho pacientes (23%) presentaban test del sudor anormales (> 60 mmol/l). Un segundo grupo de 6 pacientes (18%) presentaron valores dudosos (40-59 mmol/l). Hemos definido un tercer grupo de 6 pacientes con valores normales de test del sudor (18%), comprendidos entre los 30 y 39 mmo/l, y un cuarto grupo de 14 pacientes (41%) con valores de cloruro en sudor inferiores a 30 mmol/l. La mutación más frecuente en la población CF argentina, ∆F508, fue encontrada en 15 de los 72 cromosomas (21%) analizados, la R117H fue encontrada en 2 de los 62 cromosomas estudiados (3%). Un único alelo R347P fue encontrado en los 28 cromosomas analizados (2%). De los 27 pacientes a los que se les estudió el tracto IVS8, 6/56 cromosomas (11%) presentaban el alelo 5T. Si bien estos hallazgos representan un avance en relación a la detección de mutaciones correlacionadas con los síntomas clínicos en la población CBAVD argentina, se debe continuar la búsqueda de otras mutaciones comunes y raras con el fin de establecer una conducta terapéutica en estos pacientes.

Mutations in CFTR gene and clinical correlation in argentine patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens

Correlación de las características clínicas con mutaciones del gen CFTR en pacientes argentinos con ausencia bilateral congénita de vasos deferentes. La ausencia bilateral congénita de vasos deferentes (CBAVD) es una forma de infertilidad masculina en la que se han identificado mutaciones en el gen de la conductancia transmembrana de la fibrosis quística (CFTR). Hemos estudiado en pacientes argentinos diferentes mutaciones en el CFTR y la variante poli T del intron 8 (IVS8) y analizado los valores de test del sudor y las características clínicas relacionadas a la Fibrosis Quística (FQ). Para el asesoramiento genético se han estudiado en las esposas de estos pacientes, las dos mutaciones más frecuentes en la población FQ del país, ∆F508 y G542X. Como no se encontraron mutaciones, el riesgo de descendencia CF/CBAVD fue reducido del 2 al 0.7%. Ocho pacientes (23%) presentaban test del sudor anormales (> 60 mmol/l). Un segundo grupo de 6 pacientes (18%) presentaron valores dudosos (40-59 mmol/l). Hemos definido un tercer grupo de 6 pacientes con valores normales de test del sudor (18%), comprendidos entre los 30 y 39 mmo/l, y un cuarto grupo de 14 pacientes (41%) con valores de cloruro en sudor inferiores a 30 mmol/l. La mutación más frecuente en la población CF argentina, ∆F508, fue encontrada en 15 de los 72 cromosomas (21%) analizados, la R117H fue encontrada en 2 de los 62 cromosomas estudiados (3%). Un único alelo R347P fue encontrado en los 28 cromosomas analizados (2%). De los 27 pacientes a los que se les estudió el tracto IVS8, 6/56 cromosomas (11%) presentaban el alelo 5T. Si bien estos hallazgos representan un avance en relación a la detección de mutaciones correlacionadas con los síntomas clínicos en la población CBAVD argentina, se debe continuar la búsqueda de otras mutaciones comunes y raras con el fin de establecer una conducta terapéutica en estos pacientes.(AU)

Mutations in CFTR gene and clinical correlation in Argentine patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.

Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is a form of male infertility in which mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene have been identified. Here we identify different mutations of CFTR and the poly-T variant of intron 8 (IVS8) in Argentine patients and analyze sweat test values and clinical characteristic related to Cystic Fibrosis (CF). For counseling purposes the two most frequent mutations in Argentine CF population: deltaF508 and G542X were screened in wives. In all cases, it was possible to reduce the risk of CF/CBAVD descendants in these couples because none of the mutation were found in the 36 samples. Eight patients (23

) showed abnormal chloride values (> 60 mmol/l). A second group of 6 patients (18

) had borderline values of sweat chloride (40-59 mmol/l). We defined another group with 6 patients (18

), with normal sweat chloride levels (30-39 mmo/l) and a fourth group of 14 (41

) patients with sweat chloride below 30 mmol/l. deltaF508, the most frequent CF mutation in the Argentine population, was found on 15 of the 72 chromosomes (21

), R117H mutation was detected on 2 of 62 chromosomes (3

). Only one R347P allele was found on 28 chromosomes analyzed (2

). On a sample of 27 patients, IVS8 analysis showed a frequency of 6/56 chromosomes (11

) of 5T allele. Even though these findings present an improvement in the detection of mutations related to clinical correlations in Argentine CBAVD population, the search for other common and uncommon mutations should be continued.