[Enteral nutrition in neurological patients: is there enough vitamin D content in commonly used formulas?]. / Nutrición enteral en el paciente neurológico: ¿es suficiente el contenido en vitamina D en las fórmulas de uso habitual?

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D deficiency produces inadequate bone mineralization, proximal muscle weakness, abnormal gait and increased risk of falls and fractures. Moreover, in epidemiological studies, has been associated with increased risk of cancer, autoimmune diseases, type 1 and 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases and depression. When synthesis through the skin by sun exposure is not possible and the patient can not eat by mouth, as in the advanced stages of various neurological diseases, the supply of vitamin D has to be done by enteral nutrition. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to review the role of vitamin D in a common group of neurological conditions that often require artificial nutrition and analyze whether the vitamin D of different enteral nutrition formulas is adequate to meet the needs of this group of patients. RESULTS: Numerous studies have shown the association between vitamin D deficiency and increased incidence of dementia, stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases. Interventions aimed to increase levels of vit. D and its effects on functional (falls, pain, quality of life) and cardiovascular goals (cardiovascular death, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk factors) have obtained as highlight data a clear reduction of falls and fractures, while the evidence for the other parameters studied is still limited and inconsistent. The content of calcium and vitamin D of enteral formulas is legislated in our country. The total amount of vitamin D for a daily intake of 1,500-2,000 kcal ranges between 300 and 1,600 IU/d (mean ± SD: 32.9 ± 8.5 mg/100 kcal) in the complete formulas for enteral nutrition most commonly used. 50% of the diets studied, for an intake of 2,000 kcal/d, and 90% for an intake of 1,500 kcal/d, provide less than 600 IU/d of vitamin D. DISCUSSION: Some revised recently guidelines published recommendations of daily intake of vitamin D. The document published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine recommended for adults between 19 and 70 years, 600 IU/d and up from 70, proposes 800 IU/d of vitamin D. These amounts are deemed insufficient by other scientific societies to state that to achieve blood levels of 25 (OH) D equal or greater than 30 ng/ml may be required a daily intake of 1,500-2,000 IU and a number two or three times higher if previous deficiency exists. CONCLUSIONS: Further controlled studies are needed to ascertain which is the appropriate dose of vitamin D in advanced stages of neurological disease, where sun exposure is difficult and unlikely. We suggest that the vitamin D content should probably be reconsidered in enteral nutrition formulas, which, in light of recent publications appear as clearly insufficient for standard energy intakes (1,500-2,000 kcal).

Nutrición enteral en el paciente neurológico; ¿es suficiente el contenido en vitamina D en las fórmulas de uso habitual? / Enteral nutrition in neurological patients; is there enough vitamin D content in commonly used formulas?

Introducción: La carencia de vitamina D produce una mineralización ósea inadecuada, debilidad muscular de predominio proximal, alteración de la marcha y aumento del riesgo de caídas y de fracturas. Por otra parte, en estudios epidemiológicos, se ha asociado al aumento en el riesgo de cáncer, enfermedades autoinmunes, diabetes tipo 1 y 2, artritis reumatoide, esclerosis múltiple; así como, enfermedades infecciosas, cardiovasculares y depresión. Cuando no es posible la síntesis cutánea a través de la exposición solar y el paciente no puede ingerir alimentos por vía oral, como ocurre en las fases avanzadas de diversas enfermedades neurológicas, el aporte de vitamina D ha de hacerse mediante la nutrición enteral. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio es revisar el papel de la vitamina D en un grupo frecuente de enfermedades neurológicas que precisan nutrición artificial y analizar si el contenido de vitamina D de las diferentes fórmulas de nutrición enteral es adecuado para cubrir las necesidades de este grupo de pacientes. Resultados: Numerosos estudios han puesto en evidencia la asociación entre el déficit de vitamina D y el aumento en la incidencia de demencia, ictus y otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Las intervenciones encaminadas a incrementar los niveles de vit. D y sus efectos sobre objetivos funcionales (caídas, dolor, calidad de vida) y cardiovasculares (muerte de origen cardiovascular, ictus, infarto de miocardio, factores de riesgo cardiovascular) han obtenido como dato más destacado una clara reducción de caídas y fracturas, mientras que la evidencia para el resto de parámetros estudiados todavía es escasa y poco consistente. El contenido de calcio y vitamina D de las distintas fórmulas completas de nutrición enteral está regulado en nuestro país. La cantidad total de vitamina D para un aporte diario de 1.500-2.000 kcal oscila entre 300 y 1.600 UI/d (media ± SD: 32,9 ± 8,5 mg/100 kcal) en las fórmulas completas de nutrición enteral de uso más común. El 50% de las dietas estudiadas, para una ingesta de 2.000 kcal/d, y el 90%, para una ingesta de 1.500 kcal/d, aportan menos de 600 UI/d de vitamina D. Discusión: Algunas guías publicadas recientemente han revisado las recomendaciones de ingesta diaria de vitamina D. El documento publicado por el Instituto de Medicina de EE.UU recomienda para los adultos, entre 19 y 70 años, 600 UI/d y, por encima de los 70 a, se proponen 800 UI/d de vitamina D. Estas cantidades son consideradas insuficientes por otras sociedades científicas que establecen que para conseguir unos niveles sanguíneos de 25(OH)D iguales o superiores a 30 ng/ml puede requerirse un aporte diario de 1.500-2.000 UI y una cantidad dos o tres veces mayor si existe deficiencia previa. Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios controlados para averiguar cual es la dosis adecuada de vitamina D en fases avanzadas de la enfermedad neurológica, donde es difícil e improbable la exposición solar. Sugerimos que el contenido en vitamina D probablemente debería ser reconsiderado en las fórmulas de nutrición enteral, que, a la luz de las publicaciones recientes, aparecen como claramente insuficientes para aportes energéticos estándar (1.500-2.000 kcal) (AU)

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency produces inadequate bone mineralization, proximal muscle weakness, abnormal gait and increased risk of falls and fractures. Moreover, in epidemiological studies, has been associated with increased risk of cancer, autoimmune diseases, type 1 and 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases and depression. When synthesis through the skin by sun exposure is not possible and the patient can not eat by mouth, as in the advanced stages of various neurological diseases, the supply of vitamin D has to be done by enteral nutrition. Objectives: The aim of this study is to review the role of vitamin D in a common group of neurological conditions that often require artificial nutrition and analyze whether the vitamin D of different enteral nutrition formulas is adequate to meet the needs of this group of patients. Results: Numerous studies have shown the association between vitamin D deficiency and increased incidence of dementia, stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases. Interventions aimed to increase levels of vit. D and its effects on functional (falls, pain, quality of life) and cardiovascular goals (cardiovascular death, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk factors) have obtained as highlight data a clear reduction of falls and fractures, while the evidence for the other parameters studied is still limited and inconsistent. The content of calcium and vitamin D of enteral formulas is legislated in our country. The total amount of vitamin D for a daily intake of 1,500-2,000 kcal ranges between 300 and 1,600 IU/d (mean ± SD: 32.9 ± 8.5 mg/100 kcal) in the complete formulas for enteral nutrition most commonly used. 50% of the diets studied, for an intake of 2,000 kcal/d, and 90% for an intake of 1,500 kcal/d, provide less than 600 IU/d of vitamin D. Discussion: Some revised recently guidelines published recommendations of daily intake of vitamin D. The document published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine recommended for adults between 19 and 70 years, 600 IU/d and up from 70, proposes 800 IU/d of vitamin D. These amounts are deemed insufficient by other scientific societies to state that to achieve blood levels of 25 (OH) D equal or greater than 30 ng/ml may be required a daily intake of 1,500-2,000 IU and a number two or three times higher if previous deficiency exists. Conclusions: Further controlled studies are needed to ascertain which is the appropriate dose of vitamin D in advanced stages of neurological disease, where sun exposure is difficult and unlikely. We suggest that the vitamin D content should probably be reconsidered in enteral nutrition formulas, which, in light of recent publications appear as clearly insufficient for standard energy intakes (1,500-2,000 kcal) (AU)

Tratamiento del linfoma cutáneo de células T con ligandos selectivos del receptor retinoide X: alteraciones endocrinológicas y metabólicas / Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with retinoid receptor x- selective ligands: endocrine and metabolic disorders

Los ligandos selectivos del receptor retinoide X se utilizan actualmente en el tratamiento de estadios avanzados del linfoma cutáneo de células T resistentes a otros tratamientos sistémicos, siendo el bexaroteno el primer fármaco de este grupo aprobado en Europa. Se han descrito numerosos efectos adversos asociados a su utilización, entre los que destacan las alteraciones endocrino-metabólicas. Presentamos a 2 pacientes con linfoma cutáneo de células T, tratados con bexaroteno, que desarrollaron hipotiroidismo central y dislipemia de forma precoz tras su inicio. Se describen también la respuesta de estas alteraciones al tratamiento y su remisión completa tras suspender el bexaroteno (AU)

The retinoid X receptor-selective ligands has been used for advanced stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma refractory to previous systemic therapy, being bexarotene the first drug in this group approved in Europe. Multiple drug-related adverse events has been reported such as endocrine-metabolic disorders. We report 2 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, treated with bexarotene, that developed central hypothyroidism and dyslipidaemia immediately after the beginning of this treatment. We also showed the successfully treatment response of these alterations and the total clinical remission after discontinuing the drug (AU)

[Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with retinoid receptor X-selective ligands: endocrine and metabolic disorders]. / Tratamiento del linfoma cutáneo de células T con ligandos selectivos del receptor retinoide X: alteraciones endocrinológicas y metabólicas.

The retinoid X receptor-selective ligands has been used for advanced stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma refractory to previous systemic therapy, being bexarotene the first drug in this group approved in Europe. Multiple drug-related adverse events has been reported such as endocrine-metabolic disorders. We report 2 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, treated with bexarotene, that developed central hypothyroidism and dislipidaemia inmediately after the begining of this treatment. We also showed the successfully treatment response of these alterations and the total clinical remission after discontinuing the drug.

Alteraciones ungueales y lesiones cutáneas en pliegues / Nail abnormalities and cutaneous lessions

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Trends in diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in Graves' disease in the last 10 years.

A questionnaire describing a typical clinical case of Graves' disease and 10 variations on it was mailed to 70 Spanish units of endocrinology with the aim of assessing the new diagnostic and therapeutic trends for hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease in Spain and to compare the results obtained from previous studies carried out in Europe and Spain 10 years previously. Responses indicated that thyrotrophin (98%) and free thyroxine (88%) were the most used tests in the in vitro diagnosis of Graves' disease with a significant decrease in the use of total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, and thyroglobulin in comparison with the surveys conducted 10 years previously in Europe and Spain. The presence of antibodies against the thyrotrophin receptor was the most frequently used immune marker in the diagnosis (78%) and the new use of antithyroperoxidase antibodies (36%) in diagnosis is noteworthy. Antithyroid drugs remain the treatment of choice (98%). Surgery was used mainly for large size goitres (33%) and radioiodine for recurrences after medical (61%) or surgical (80%) treatment. In conclusion, the responses obtained from this questionnaire provide insight into current specialist diagnostic and therapeutic practices with respect to Graves' disease and which could be of value to non-specialist units of endocrinology.

[Evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in Graves' disease in Spain. Comparison of the results of 2 surveys in 1987 and 1995]. / Evolución de los criterios diagnósticos y terapéuticos en la enfermedad de Graves en España. Comparación de los resultados de dos encuestas realizadas en 1987 y 1995.

BACKGROUND: To assess the new diagnostic and therapeutic trends for hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease in Spain and the differences with respect to a previous study performed in 1987. METHODS: A questionnaire about a typical clinical case of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and 10 variations to it, in which different diagnostic and therapeutic options are exposed. These questionnaires were mailed to 70 Spanish units of endocrinology during 1995, and 51 participated finally in the study. The results are compared with those obtained in Spain with a similar study in 1987. RESULTS: Thyrotropin (98%) and free thyroxine (88%) were the most used tests for diagnosis of Graves' disease, with a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the use of total T4 and total T3 in comparison with the results of the questionnaire performed in 1987. The measurement of antibodies against thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R-Ab) was the most frequently used immune marker for the diagnosis (78%), with significant differences (p < 0.001) with respect to questionnaire in 1987. The use of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (anti-TPO-Ab) (36%) in diagnosis of this disease, significantly increased (p < 0.05) with respect to 1987. Antithyroid drugs were the most frequent initial treatment (98%) with significant differences (p < 0.001) in use of radioiodine (24%) as treatment of choice in elderly patients respect to 1987. Surgery was mainly used for large-size goiters (33%) and radioiodine for recurrences after medical (61%) or surgical (80%) treatment. Antithyroid drugs were the most frequent treatment for children and for recurrences during gestation. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, the measurements of TSH, FT4 and TSH-R-Ab are the main diagnostic test of hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid drugs are still the treatment of choice in typical case of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, in recurrences during gestation and children. Surgery is only used for large goiters and radioiodine is the treatment of choice in recurrences after medical or surgical treatment.