Quality and generation rate of solid residues in the boiler of a waste-to-energy plant.

The Danish waste management system relies significantly on waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The ash produced at the energy recovery section (boiler ash) is classified as hazardous waste, and is commonly mixed with fly ash and air pollution control residues before disposal. In this study, a detailed characterization of boiler ash from a Danish grate-based mass burn type WtE was performed, to evaluate the potential for improving ash management. Samples were collected at 10 different points along the boiler's convective part, and analysed for grain size distribution, content of inorganic elements, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD and PCDF), and leaching of metals. For all samples, PCDD and PCDF levels were below regulatory limits, while high pH values and leaching of e.g. Cl were critical. No significant differences were found between boiler ash from individual sections of the boiler, in terms of total content and leaching, indicating that separate management of individual ash fractions may not provide significant benefits.

On-site treatment and landfilling of MSWI air pollution control residues.

Air pollution control (APC) residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) are difficult to landfill due to substantial leaching of trace metals. An on-site pretreatment prior to landfilling of APC-residues was investigated in terms of bench-scale experiments with a semidry APC-residue and a fly ash. The treatment involved mixing of the residues with a ferrous sulphate solution and subsequent oxidation of the suspension. Afterwards, the suspension was spread on a dedicated landfill section and allowed to drain by gravity through the drainage system of the landfill. The wastewater from the process, collected through the drainage system, contained large concentrations of salts (Cl: 14-30 g/l, Na: 4-9 g/l, K: 5-11 g/l, Ca: 2-12 g/l) but low concentrations of trace metals (e.g. Pb: 14-100 microg/l, Cd: <2-7 microg/l). The treated residues left in the landfills were later subject to leaching by simulated rainfall. The leachate contained low concentrations of trace metals (Pb: <120 microg/l, Cd: <2 microg/l, Cr: <485 microg/l). The leachate concentrations from the treated APC-residues were substantially reduced compared to concentrations in leachate from untreated APC-residues. Particularly in the early stages of the leaching, concentrations of trace metals were reduced by up to four orders of magnitude.

Treatment of waste incinerator air-pollution-control residues with FeSO4: concept and product characterisation.

This paper describes a new concept for treatment of air pollution-control (APC) residues from waste incineration and characterises the wastewater and stabilised residues generated by the process. The process involves mixing of APC-residues with a ferrous sulphate solution and subsequent oxidation of the suspension (Ferrox-process 1996). The process results in a significant reduction in the leaching of salts and heavy metals from the residue, by washing out most of the salts and by binding the heavy metals in the iron oxides formed. In the laboratory, a semidry gas-cleaning residue and a fly ash were treated by the process. The generated wastewater contained low concentrations of heavy metals (e.g. Pb: 27-39 microg l(-1) and Cd: 2.6-4.6 microg l(-1)), but high concentrations of salts (e.g. Cl, Na, K, and Ca). The treatment process redUced the leaching of Pb from the residues by more than two orders of magnitude at fixed pH as determined by pH-static leaching tests. Likewise, the leaching of Cd, Zn and Cu was significantly reduced. The effect on elements that form oxyanions (e.g. Cr) is marginal and in the current process there is no reduction in the release of Hg.

Treatment of waste incinerator air-pollution-control residues with FeSO4: laboratory investigation of design parameters.

The key design parameters of a new process for treatment of air-pollution-control (APC) residues (the Ferrox-process) were investigated in the laboratory. The optimisation involved two different APC-residues from actual incinerator plants. The design parameters considered were: amount of iron oxide supplied, the liquid-to-solid ratio of the process, the separation of solids and wastewater, the sequence of material mixing, the possibilities of reuse of water, the feasibility of using secondary (brackish) water, and simple means to improve the wastewater quality. The investigation showed that an optimum process configuration could be obtained yielding a stabilised solid product with low leaching of heavy metals and a dischargable wastewater with high contents of salts (in order to remove salts from the solid product) and low concentrations of heavy metals. The amount of iron added to the APC-residues must be optimised for each residue. The overall water use can be limited to a L/S-ratio of 3 l kg(-1) including water used for washing of the treated products.

High temperature co-treatment of bottom ash and stabilized fly ashes from waste incineration.

Bottom ashes from two Danish municipal solid waste incineration plants were heated at 900 degrees C with iron oxide stabilized air pollution control residues at actual mass flow ratios (9:1), simulating a treating method for the residues. The two residues were co-treated, producing one combined stream that may be utilized as a secondary road construction material. Scanning electron microscope analysis and grain size distribution analysis indicated that sintering of the particles did not occur. Batch leaching tests at liquid/solid 10 l/kg at a range of pH-values (6-10) quantified with respect to Cd, Cr and Pb revealed significant positive effects of co-heating the ashes, although Pb showed slightly increased leaching. At a liquid/solid ratio of 10 l/kg the leachate concentrations were still low at pH 7-10 and the release of Pb was, thus, not expected to limit the utilization of the mixed ashes. The process, thus, fixates the metals in the solid residues without altering the leaching properties of the bottom ash too significantly.