ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the relation between fractal dimension and roughness index for fractal surfaces of solids. The applicability of the relation to fracture of Mode III+Mode I complex loading is shown. The applicability to other rough surfaces is discussed.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent malignant tumor among Southern Chinese. Previously, the authors described the prognostic significance of a serum antibody assay to a recombinant Epstein-Barr virus Bam HI-Z replication activator protein (ZEBRA) in NPC patients with long term follow-up. In this study, the authors further reported the use of DNA flow cytometry (DNA-FCM) as an additional technique for determining the prognosis of NPC patients in the same series. METHODS: One hundred and forty-three archival biopsies from 110 NPC patients were deparaffinized and subjected to DNA-FCM analysis. DNA ploidy state and various proliferative indices (PI) of the tumors were correlated with patient survival and frequency of recurrence. RESULTS: Among the biopsies analyzed, 119 were histologically positive NPC and 24 were negative. Fifty-one tumor biopsies that fulfilled the guideline criteria of the DNA Cytometry Consensus Conference were correlated with the clinical manifestations of the patients. Among them, 43 tumors (84%) were DNA diploid and 8 (16%) were aneuploid. Two PI, S-phase fraction (SPF) and proliferation fraction (PF), appear to be potentially useful prognostic indicators. For example, PF in patients who developed locoregional recurrence (15.1%) and distant recurrence (16.4%) after radiation therapy both were significantly higher than PF in patients who were in complete remission (8.2%) (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.004, respectively). Significant differences in SPF between patients with distant recurrence (10.6%) and those in remission (5.7%) also was found (P = 0.005). Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with high PF, high SPF, and aneuploid tumors had significantly poorer 12-year survival rates (35%, 26%, and 28%, respectively) than those patients with low PF, low SPF, and diploid tumors (77%, 67%, and 59%, respectively) (P < 0.0009, P < 0.004, and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Determination of tumor PI and DNA ploidy state by DNA-FCM at diagnosis of NPC can be potentially useful in selecting a poor prognostic subgroup of NPC patients. These parameters may enable oncologists to plan for more stringent treatment strategies such as hyperfractionated and accelerated radiation therapy or concomitant chemoradiotherapy for these patients.
