Electropolishing influence on biocompatibility of additively manufactured Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr: in vivo and in vitro.

Balling defect of the additively manufactured titanium lattice implants easily leads to muscle tissue rejection, which might cause failure of implantation. Electropolishing is widely used in surface polishing of complex components and has potential to deal with the balling defect. However, a clad layer could be formed on the surface of titanium alloy after electropolishing, which may affect the biocompatibility of the metal implants. To manufacture lattice structured ß-type Ti-Ni-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) for bio-medical applications, it is necessary to investigate the impact of electropolishing on material biocompatibility. In this study, animal experiments were conducted to investigate the in vivo biocompatibility of the as-printed TNTZ alloy with or without electropolishing; and proteomics technology was used to elaborate the results. The following conclusions were drawn: (a) a 30% oxalic acid electropolishing treatment was effective in solving balling defects, and ~21 nm amorphous clad layer would be formed on the surface of the material after polishing; (b) the electropolished TNTZ suggested decreased cell cytotoxicity and improved blood biocompatibility as compared to as-printed TNTZ; (c) the amorphous clad layer could make a barrier to prevent Ta and Zr ions from penetrating into the muscle tissue, and could form a good tissue regeneration at the implantation site during 4 weeks, indicating that the electropolished TNTZ has the potential as implants; and (d) the cells attached to the electropolished TNTZ showed higher antioxidant capacity but less proliferation than attached to as-printed TNTZ.

Additively manufactured biomedical Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr lattices with tunable Young's modulus: Mechanical property, biocompatibility, and proteomics analysis.

Some ß-Ti alloys, such as Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr (TNTZ) alloys, exhibit a low Young's modulus and excellent biocompatibility. These alloys are promising new generation biomedical implant materials. Selective laser melting (SLM) can further enable customer-specific manufacturing of ß-Ti alloys to satisfy the ever-increasing need for enhanced biomedical products. In this study, we quantitatively determined the relationships between porosity, yield strength, and Young's modulus of SLM-prepared TNTZ lattices. The study constitutes a critical step toward understanding the behavior of the lattice and eventually enables tuning the Young's modulus to match that of human bones. Fatigue properties were also investigated on as-printed lattices in terms of the stress limit. The biocompatibility study included a routine evaluation of the relative cell growth rate and a proteomics analysis using a common mouse fibroblast cell line, L929. The results indicated that the as-printed TNTZ samples exhibited evidence of protein proliferation of the L929 cells, particularly P06733, and that those proteins are responsible for biological processes and molecular functions. They in turn may have promoted cell regeneration, cell motility, and protein binding, which at least partially explains the good biocompatibility of the as-printed TNTZ at the protein level. The study highlights the promising applications of additively manufactured TNTZ as a bone-replacing material from mechanical and biocompatibility perspectives.

Low-modulus biomedical Ti-30Nb-5Ta-3Zr additively manufactured by Selective Laser Melting and its biocompatibility.

Low Young's modulus titanium alloys, such as Ti-30Nb-5Ta-3Zr (TNTZ) of this study, were promising biocompatible implant materials. In this work, TNTZ samples with relative density of 96.8%-99.2% were additively manufactured by powder-bed based Selective Laser Melting (SLM) through tuning processing parameters, i.e. varying the point distance between 50 and 75 µm, laser exposure time between 135 and 200 µs, and a fixed laser power of 200 W. The microstructure, elastic properties, fatigue properties and machining accuracy of the fabricated samples have been investigated. Lattice structure TNTZ samples with porosity of 77.23% were also fabricated to further reduce the Young's modulus of the TNTZ. According to the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) value, the as-printed TNTZ samples exhibited no cell cytotoxicity, where they showed even better biocompatibility than the comparative, as-printed Ti-6Al-4V samples. The as-printed TNTZ developed by the study demonstrates good biocompatibility, low stress shielding tendency and high mechanical properties.

[Changes to sleep patterns in young migrants at high altitude].

Objective: To explore the relationship between the level of acclimatization and the changes to sleep architecture in migrants at high altitude. Methods: Nocturnal sleep recordings of 50 subjects aged between 18 and 25 years [mean age (20.9±2.0) years] were analyzed. Those young volunteers were divided into 3 700 m-3 m group(n=10, migrated to an altitude of 3 700 metres for 3 months), 3 700 m-1 y group(n=10, for 1 year) , 5 380 m-3 m group(n=8), 5 380 m-1 y group(n=9), and compared with a control group(n=13, at 1 400 m altitude). Results: When the migrants stayed at 5 380 m for 3 months or 1 year, the wake time increased significantly during sleep[(81.81±59.80)min vs(47.19±24.98) min, P=0.026; (77.94±25.64)min vs(47.19±24.98)min, P=0.040]. Concerning the percentage of total sleep time(TST) in each stage, participants in the 5 380 m-3 m group had a shift in sleep stage distribution with near absence of slow wave sleep(SWS) and a significant increase of N1 , but N2 and rapid eye movement(REM) did not differ. Interestingly, there were entirely concordant changes among the other 3 groups of results, decreased N2 and increased REM. Conclusions: The migrants' abilities to acclimatize themselves to plateau were varied according to the arrived altitude and the length of stay. The sleep of short- time migrants was characterized by increased N1 and decreased SWS, whereas that of well acclimatized migrants was characterized by less N2 and more REM. The efficient recovery in SWS may be an objective reference in high altitude acclimatization.

Effect and mechanism of dihydroartemisinin on proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells.

Osteosarcoma represents an aggressive type of bone malignancy that poses a significant health threat. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effect and mechanism of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on the proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells. A gradient concentration of DHA (15, 25 and 35 µmol.L-1) was used to stimulate the cells, along with control and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The phenotypic outcomes were characterized using MTT assay, clone formation assay, Hoechst 33258 staining assay, luciferase reporter plasmid assay, Western blot and wound healing assay. In addition, IBM SPSS Statistics 18.0 software was applied for statistical analysis and all experimental data were expressed as mean ± s.d. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare the differences among multiple groups. Our results demonstrated that DHA inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells and promoted the apoptosis in the cytomorphosis.

Additional diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of new, very small hepatocellular carcinoma lesions after interventional therapy compared with conventional 3 T MRI alone.

AIM: To evaluate the added value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) combined with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the detection of new, very small hepatocellular carcinoma lesions (≤1 cm) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following interventional therapy compared to conventional MRI alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After interventional therapy, 45 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent conventional MRI and DWI with a b-value of 0 and 700 s/mm(2). Twenty-one new, small hepatocellular carcinoma lesions were confirmed in 16 patients at follow-up MRI. Two observers independently retrospectively analysed the two imaging sets in random order. The diagnostic performance using each imaging set was evaluated by received operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-one new, very small hepatocellular carcinoma lesions found in 16 patients was confirmed as the final result. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the DWI/conventional MRI combination (observer 1, 0.952; observer 2, 0.976) and conventional MRI images alone (observer 1, 0.905; observer 2, 0.905) were statistically significant. The kappa value of the DWI/conventional MRI combination was 0.884, and that of conventional MRI was 0.722. Among the 21 lesions, 100% (21/21) of the lesions were both recognized by two independent reviewers on DWI, while only 76% (16/21) and 71% (15/21) of the lesions were regarded as very small hepatocellular carcinomas on conventional MRI. CONCLUSION: Due to the higher detection rate of new subcentimetre lesions in hepatocellular carcinoma patients following interventional therapy, DWI could be considered complementary to conventional MRI in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Inflammatory pseudotumour associated with chronic persistent Eikenella corrodens infection: a case report and brief review.

Inflammatory pseudotumour is an uncommon mass forming lesion, representing the histological expression of an infective or reactive/reparative process (pseudotumour) in most cases, and a bona fide neoplasm (for example, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour) in a minority of cases. This report describes the case of an inflammatory pseudotumour with a pathology that unveiled proliferative CD68 positive and actin negative spindle shaped cells, with a mild mixed inflammatory infiltrate, and a culture that yielded an uncommon fastidious bacillus, Eikenella corrodens. The clinical course was indolent but protracted, with insidious progression to multifocal non-contiguous lesions, involving the lungs, liver, spleen, left kidney, and deep neck tissue, all of which responded to medical treatment with appropriate antibiotics. It is of paramount importance that clinicians search for an infective cause of an inflammatory pseudotumour, to ensure appropriate treatment.

Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propafenone in healthy subjects.

AIM: To study the simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of propafenone (Pro) in healthy subjects. METHODS: Ten healthy Chinese volunteers, 5 extensive metabolizers (EM) and 5 intermediate metabolizers (IM) of CYP2D6, received a single dose (400 mg) of Pro hydrochloride. The blood samples and electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements were taken after administration over 15 h period. The concentrations of Pro in plasma were measured by a reverse-phase HPLC. PR interval was used as an average value of 10 PR interval measurements. RESULTS: There was a delay between Pro level and percentage of PR interval prolongation. After PK-PD simulating, the relationship between effect concentration (Ce) and the effect met the sigmoid E(max) model. CYP2D6 (EM & IM) played an important role in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics which produced by Pro. The AUC (microg . h . L-1) of IM group was significantly higher than that of EM group (5126 +/- 1030 vs 2948 +/- 1230, P < 0.05). Whereas Ce50 (microg/L) was also greater in IM group than in EM group (747 +/- 281 vs 359 +/- 123, P < 0.05). On the other hand, gamma of EM group was about one fold larger than that of IM group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CYP2D6 phenotype of human may influence not only pharmacokinetic of Pro but also its pharmacological effects.

Hospital-based management of acute asthmatic exacerbation: an assessment of physicians' behavior in Taiwan.

This retrospective study was conducted to assess Taiwanese emergency physicians for their preference in management and adherence to guidelines in treating patients with acute exacerbation of asthma. One hundred twenty patients from hospitals of three different levels were evaluated by reviewing their medical records. Our study revealed that physicians from medical centers and regional hospitals assessed patients more often with arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry; prescribed more doses of beta2-agonist nebulizers; administered more doses of beta2-agonist nebulizers before administering parenteral aminophylline; and prescribed ipratropium nebulizers more often as adjunctive therapy. On the other hand, physicians from district hospitals more frequently prescribed parenteral aminophylline as the first-line medication and more often prescribed only a single dose of beta2-agonist nebulizer. Most emergency physicians in Taiwan did not adhere to guidelines. Specifically, these included omission of peak expiratory flow as the means to assess the severity of asthma exacerbation and response to treatment; suboptimal use of inhaled bronchodilators, such as beta2-agonists and ipratropium; and inappropriate use of parenteral aminophylline as the first-line medication.

[Development and application of the facial soft tissue 3D measuring system].

OBJECTIVE: To combine measurement and image technology as an objective means to help prosthodontists provide better service. METHODS: The system was developed by consisting of two CCD cameras, real time hardware for the recognition of markers and software for the 3D reconstruction. RESULTS: It allowed efficient, direct and noninvasive calculation of the 3D liner and angular measurements of the human face. CONCLUSION: This system is a useful way to get 3D information of the human face. It will be a good supplement to the classic cephalometric analyses.

[Validation of the 3D measuring system].

OBJECTIVE: To test the validation of the 3D measuring technique. METHODS: A life-size plaster cast of human head was used as the anthropomorphic model. Fifteen experimental conditions were studied. Nine linear distances between landmarks and Nasion were measured each time. These were compared to the standard anthropometric measurements using the same landmarks. RESULTS: The mean difference was 1.21mm (2.09%). Among the 8 conditions imitating different head posture,only the one turning 10 degrees to the left had a significant difference from the normal position. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the requirements of " human measurement handbook", the system error is acceptable.

[Facial soft tissue three dimensional morphometry].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article were to assess the reproducibility of the landmark locating, and to obtain some facial soft tissue measurements data of the teenagers. METHODS: 8 males were selected to refix the black markers by the same operator and remeasure 14 items by the system, then compare both results. Three dimensional facial morphametry was investigated in a sample of 20 teenagers at the early stage of the permanent dentition. RESULTS: No item of the remeasurement test showed statistical difference error. The sexual dimorphism was found in the measurements connecting with lower face height(Sn-Pg). CONCLUSION: It indicated that the landmarks selected in this study had biologic significance and unique definition. The result of teenager facial measurements is in accordance with growth rule.

[Improved protoplast-derived plants of Astragalus adsurgens through somatic embryogenesis].

Embryogenic callus was obtained only from hypocotyl explants of Astragalus adsurgens and light inhibited the formation of embryogenic callus. A high yield (1.2 x 10(6)/g F. Wt.) of protoplasts with high viability (over 80%) could be isolated from 10-day-old embryogenic callus. Protoplasts were induced to undergo sustained division and to form cell colonies when cultured in agarose-solidified medium (KMP) containing 1/4 strength of mineral salts and supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2, 4-D, 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.5 mol/L glucose at a plating density of 1.0 x 10(5)mL, where the plating efficinency was 16.8%. Conditioning medium significantly improved the formation of cell colonies. When protoplast-derived colonies were maintained at 4 degrees C for 2 weeks and subsequently transferred onto medium (MS) with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA, somatic embryogenesis occurred. Frequency of cell colonies producing somatic embryos reached 70%, and the number of somatic embryos per gram cells was over 200. Cultured on hormone-free half-strength MS medium, somatic embryos developed into healthy plantlets with normal chromosome complement.

[Determination of cinnamaldehyde in Guizhi by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a HPLC method for the determination of cinnamaldehyde in Guizhi. METHOD: Cinnamaldehyde was separated by a Kromasil C18 column (4.6 mm x 200 mm) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution(48:52) and an UV detection wavelength of 285 nm. RESULT: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.004-0.02 microliter.ml-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The average recovery was 100.7%(n = 5), and RSD 0.3%(n = 6). CONCLUSION: The method is simple and accurate.

Pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine, a highly lipophilic drug, estimated from a pulse dose of a stable isotopomer in dogs at steady state.

The potential utility of a pulse dose of a deuterium-labeled isotopomer (FLU-D(4)) in elucidating the pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine (FLU) at steady state was investigated in dogs. The single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of FLU in dogs were established. After resting the dogs for 3 weeks, the animals were dosed to steady state with oral FLU administered at 12-h intervals. Following 15 doses, one dose of FLU was replaced by a pulse dose of FLU-D(4), after which dosing with FLU was resumed. FLU and FLU-D(4) plasma concentrations were determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Comparable estimates of apparent oral clearance were calculated from (i) a single dose of FLU, (ii) a pulse dose of FLU-D(4), and (iii) over a dosing interval at steady state. Average steady-state plasma concentrations were reliably predictable from a pulse dose of FLU-D(4).

Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate in 20 healthy Chinese young men.

AIM: To compare the pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-IM). METHODS: A single and 5-d-repeated oral doses of 5-IM 50 mg were performed on 2 groups of 20 Chinese healthy subjects (10 subjects for each group) in a randomized crossover protocol. The 5-IM in plasma were measured by gas chromatography with electron-captured detector method. Data were analyzed automatically by using a CAPP program on a PC computer. RESULTS: Fitting the 5-IM concentration-time curves to one-compartment model or following trapezoidal rule, the parameters such as Tmax, Cmax, Ke, MRT, and AUC were calculated and there were no significant differences between the two kinds of capsule. The major pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported 5-IM sustained-release capsule with a 5-d multiple dose were respectively: Cmax (677 +/- 103) and (702 +/- 76) micrograms.L-1; Tmax (5.1 +/- 2.0) and (5.6 +/- 1.3) h; MRT (11.5 +/- 0.5) and (11.4 +/- 0.7) h; AUC0-infinity (12,121 +/- 1346) and (12,352 +/- 988) micrograms.h.L-1. The fraction of drug absorbed in vivo was correlated well with the percentage amount of drug released in vitro at corresponding time (P < 0.05), and the fluctuation indices on d 5 in multiple dose study were not significantly different between the two formulations (P > 0.05). The relative bioavailability of the domestic capsule for single and multiple dose were 96% +/- 11% and 98% +/- 10%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Domestic 5-IM sustained-release capsule showed bioequivalence compared with the imported capsule and provided the same nitrate-low interval in the latter part of the 24-h dosing interval.