ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between multi-trace elements levels in hair and human neural tube defects as well as other risk factors. METHODS: Using 88 paired cases and controls, an 1:1 matched case control study was carried out. The study subjects were collected from the China-U. S. Collaborative Project on Neural Tube Defects Prevention and Birth Defects Surveillance System. Risk factors were obtained by field investigation with standardized questionnaires and hair trace elements levels were determined by AAS and ICP-MS methods. Microwave digestion was used to digest hair samples. The detected elements would include three groups, namely nutritional elements: Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo; toxic elements: Pb, As, Cd, Hg; and Lanthanons: Y, La, Pr, Nd. Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Model was used to perform risk factors analysis. RESULTS: Pregnancy fever appeared to be a risk factor of neural tube defects (OR = 6.525, P = 0.034) while hair zinc level (OR = 0.541 microg/100 g, P = 0.02) and times of prenatal physical examination (OR = 0.634, P < 0.001) served as two protective factors appeared in the last model. CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency might serve as a risk factor for human neural tube defects, suggesting that the avoidance of pregnancy infection together with more periodical prenatal physical examination might reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.
Subject(s)
Neural Tube Defects/metabolism , Trace Elements/metabolism , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Diet , Female , Hair/metabolism , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Logistic Models , Male , Neural Tube Defects/etiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/metabolism , Prenatal Care , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the effect of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) on hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R)-induced elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) release in endothelial cells. METHODS: The cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV304) were exposed to hypoxia for 30 min under 95 % N2 and 5 % CO2, then reoxygenation for 30 min under air and 5 % CO2. Cell injury was evaluated by dye exclusion test, superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay, and molondialdehyde (MDA) assay. [Ca2+]i was determined by Fura 2-AM. NO content was examined by a NO assay kit. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expressions were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Cell viability was decreased from (93.1+/-1.2) % in normoxia to (88+/-3) % in H/R (P < 0.01), and SOD activity was also decreased from (0.24+/-0.07) kNU/L to (0.18+/-0.03) kNU/L in H/R (P >0.05), but MDA production was increased from (1.12+/-0.06) mmol/L in normoxia to (3.78+/-0.03) mmol/L in H/R (P < 0.01) in ECV304 cultured under calcium conditions. MLB 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L increased cell viability and SOD activity, and inhibited MDA formation in ECV304. H/R increased [Ca2+]i (F340/F380 from 1.65+/-0.16 to 1.89+/-0.28), NO release [from (7.5+/-1.3) micromol/L to (16+/-5) micromol/L], and eNOS mRNA expression, but decreased iNOS mRNA expression in ECV304 (P <0.05). However, it did not affect them under calcium-free conditions. MLB inhibited H/R-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and eNOS mRNA expression, stimulated NO release and iNOS mRNA expression (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: MLB attenuates H/R-induced cell injury and increases NO release in ECV304. This increase of NO production is possibly associated with preventing cell injury induced by H/R in MLB-treated ECV304.
