ABSTRACT
The work introduces a VIPA-based interferometric Rayleigh scattering instrument for tracer-free, simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements along a 1D volume. A virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) replaces the Fabry-Perot etalon conventionally used in interferometric Rayleigh scattering, allowing the extension of the technique from 0D (point or multi-point) to 1D. The Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum is a function of pressure and temperature and can be used for temperature diagnostics in isobaric flows. A reference leg based on a Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon provides real-time monitoring of the laser wavelength drift during the experiment. The accuracy and precision of the measurements are estimated from measurements in laminar flows, and the technique is then demonstrated in a heated turbulent jet of air.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a complex condition associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by significant variations in symptom severity among patients. The psychological and emotional symptoms accompanying AWS significantly contribute to withdrawal distress and relapse risk. Despite the importance of neural adaptation processes in AWS, limited genetic investigations have been conducted. This study primarily focuses on exploring the single and interaction effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ANK3 and ZNF804A genes on anxiety and aggression severity manifested in AWS. By examining genetic associations with withdrawal-related psychopathology, we ultimately aim to advance understanding the genetic underpinnings that modulate AWS severity. METHODS: The study involved 449 male patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) were used to assess emotional and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and genotyping was performed using PCR. RESULTS: Single-gene analysis revealed that naturally occurring allelic variants in ANK3 rs10994336 (CC homozygous vs. T allele carriers) were associated with mood and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. Furthermore, the interaction between ANK3 and ZNF804A was significantly associated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms related to AWS, as indicated by MANOVA. Two-way ANOVA further demonstrated a significant interaction effect between ANK3 rs10994336 and ZNF804A rs7597593 on anxiety, physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Hierarchical regression analyses confirmed these findings. Additionally, simple effects analysis and multiple comparisons revealed that carriers of the ANK3 rs10994336 T allele experienced more severe AWS, while the ZNF804A rs7597593 T allele appeared to provide protection against the risk associated with the ANK3 rs10994336 mutation. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the gene-gene interaction between ANK3 and ZNF804A, which plays a crucial role in modulating emotional and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. The ANK3 rs10994336 T allele is identified as a risk allele, while the ZNF804A rs7597593 T allele offers protection against the risk associated with the ANK3 rs10994336 mutation. These findings provide initial support for gene-gene interactions as an explanation for psychiatric risk, offering valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in AWS.
Subject(s)
Ankyrins , Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Humans , Male , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Ankyrins/genetics , Adult , Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics , Middle Aged , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/genetics , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology , Alcoholism/genetics , Alcoholism/psychology , Aggression/psychology , Aggression/physiology , Anxiety/genetics , Anxiety/psychology , Epistasis, Genetic , Behavioral Symptoms/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , AllelesABSTRACT
One-dimensional interferometric Rayleigh scattering velocimetry is demonstrated using a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA). A continuous-wave laser emitting at 532 nm is used as the source, and a low-noise CCD camera is used as the detector. The VIPA has a free spectral range of 15 GHz and is coated for the wavelength range 500-600 nm. Velocity measurements at different flow rates show an accuracy of 10 m/s. Demonstration of high-speed flow velocity measurement is conducted in a jet of air through a contoured converging nozzle. Factors considered for the optimization of the system are discussed along with possibilities of extending the strategy to other measurement techniques.
