ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aims to review the evidence for the optimal regimen of probiotics for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very low birth weight infants. Design: Through searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science till September 30, 2022, only randomized controlled trials were included to evaluate the optimal regimen of probiotics for the prevention of NEC in very low birth weight infants. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool (RoB 2), and the collected data were analyzed accordingly using Stata software. Results: Twenty-seven RCTs were included, and the total sample size used in the study was 529. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that Bovine lactoferrin + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (RR 0.03; 95% CI 0.00-0.35), Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus casei + Bifidobacterium lactis (RR 0.06; 95% CI 0.00-0.70), Bifidobacterium lactis + inulin (RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.91) were superior to the control group (Bifidobacterium lactis + Bifidobacterium longum) in reducing the incidence of NEC. The reduction in the incidence of NEC were as follows: Bovine lactoferrin + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (SUCRA 95.7%) > Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus casei + Bifidobacterium lactis (SUCRA 89.4%) > Bifidobacterium lactis + inulin (SUCRA 77.8%). Conclusions: This network meta-analysis suggests that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG combined with bovine lactoferrin maybe the most recommended regimen for the prevention of NEC in very low birth weight infants.
ABSTRACT
To provide scientific basis for reasonable application of nitrogen and create varieties with high N use-efficiency, an experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on grain yield, N use rate and quality of different rice varieties. Four different genotypic rice varieties, Nipponbare, N70, N178 and OM052 were used as tested material and three levels of nitrogen application rate (0, 120, 270 kg·hm-2) were conducted. Urea as nitrogen source was applied as basal (70%) and panicle (30%) fertilizer. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer could raise yield mainly because of the increased effective panicles and filled grains per panicle. When the N application rate was 120 and 270 kg·hm-2, OM052 had the largest grain yield among four varieties, being 41.1% and 76.8% higher, respectively compared with control. Difference in grain yield among four varieties was due to the difference of nitrogen use efficiency. Under 120 and 270 kg·hm-2 nitrogen levels, Nipponbare had the lowest grain yield and N agronomic efficiency (NAE, 40.90 g·g-1 and 18.56 g·g-1), which was a variety with low N use-efficiency. On the contrary, OM052 had the highest grain yield and NAE (145.9 g·g-1 and 81.24 g·g-1), was a variety with high N use-efficiency. N fertilizer application increased the amylose content and protein content, lengthened gel consistency, reduced chalky kernel, chalkiness, and alkali digestion value. With the increase of N fertilizer application, hot paste viscosity, peak viscosity, consistence viscosity and breakdown viscosity were decreased gradually, and setback viscosity was increased. Correlation analysis showed that the yield and yield components had more significant correlations with appearance quality, cooking and eating quality under low N level. This study confirmed that OM052 was a double high variety with extremely high N agronomic efficiency and yield. Reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly increase effective panicles and filled grains per panicle, improve rice quality, and ensure high yield and superior quality simultaneously.
Subject(s)
Fertilizers , Oryza , Amylose , Edible Grain , NitrogenABSTRACT
In order to obtain the accurate yield of landfill gas in Yulongkeng Landfill, Shenzhen, improved pumping test was conducted. The methane production rates of the influence region were figured out as 14.67 x 10(-5), 9.46 x 10(-5), 9.55 x 10(-5), and 4.28 x 10(-5) m3/(t x h), respectively. According to the methane production rate, the whole methane yield of Yulongkeng Landfill in 2005 was 322 m3/h, which indicated that Yulongkeng Landfill had went into stationary phase and the recycle of landfill gas was not valuable. IPCC model was verified by the measured data. Degradation half life of the waste was the key parameter concerned to the prediction accuracy of IPCC model. In China, the degradable waste in municipal solid waste was mainly kitchen waste leading to a short degradation period, which caused the degradation half life was shorter than the proposed value in IPCC model. For the improvement in prediction accuracy of landfill gas yield, the model parameters should be adopted reasonably based on a full survey of waste characterization in China, which will boost the applicability of IPCC model.
