[The Clinical Significance of HPV L1/PD-L1 Tests Combined with Colposcopy for Cervical Precancerous Lesions and Cervical Cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of human papilloma virus (HPV) L1 protein and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer, to analyze the correlation between HPV L1 and PD-L1 expression tests combined with colposcopy and the occurrence and development of of cervical lesions, and to determine the significance of the combined examination for auxiliary differential diagnosis. METHODS: 260 patients with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection who were treated at West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from January, 2018 to January, 2020 were included in the study. 260 cervical cytology specimens were collected, of which 218 cervical histology specimens were collected, of which 202 cases underwent colposcopy. Among the 260 cervical cytology specimens, 40 were of cervical inflammatory cells, 40 were of low-grade squamous intraepithilia lesions (LSIL) with mild atypical hyperplasia, 80 were of high-grade squamous intraepithilia lesions (HSIL) with moderate and severe atypical hyperplasia, and 100 were of cervical carcinoma cells (CCC). Among the 218 cervical histology specimens, 15 were of chronic cervicitis tissue, 20 were of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 32 were of CIN 2, 51 were of CIN 3, and 100 were of cervical cancer (CC). Among the 260 patients, 202 underwent colposcopy. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of HPV L1 protein and PD-L1 protein, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to assess the level of PD-L1 mRNA in chronic cervicitis tissues and CC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HPV L1 and PD-L1 tests combined with colposcopy in the detection of cervical lesions were studied. RESULTS: ①In the cervical cytology group, the positive rate of HPV L1 expression was 82.50%, 57.50%, 11.25%, and 3.00% in cervical inflammatory cells, low-grade squamous intraepithilia lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithilia lesions (HSIL) and CCC, respectively, showing decreasing levels of positive expression rate ( P<0.05). In the cervical histology group, the positive rate of HPV L1 expression was 86.67%, 65.00%, 34.38%, 11.76% and 4.00% in chronic cervicitis tissues, CIN 1 group, CIN 2 group, CIN 3 group and CC group, respectively, showing decreasing levels of positive expression ( P<0.05). ②In the cervical cytology group, the average positive expression scores of PD-L1 in the cervical inflammatory cells, LSIL group, HSIL group, and CCC group were 0.25±0.12, 1.05±0.67, 1.39±0.11 and 2.14±0.17, respectively, showing increasing levels of positive expression scores ( P<0.05). In the cervical histology group, the average positive expression scores of PD-L1 were 0.28±0.24, 1.21±0.79, 1.56±0.26, 1.80±0.24, and 2.10±0.19 in the chronic cervicitis tissue, CIN 1 group, CIN 2 group, CIN 3 group and CC group, respectively, showing increasing levels of positive expression scores ( P<0.05). The relative expression of PD-L1 mRNA in chronic cervicitis tissue and CC is 1.02±0.04 and 1.81±0.22, respectively ( P<0.05). ③The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of cervical tissue CIN2 and abovelesions, HPV L1 detection alone was 95.8%, 47.2%, PD-L1 detection alone was 96.5%, 32.8%, colposcopy alone was 77.5%, 70.8%, HPV L1/PD-L1 tests combined detection was 92.4%, 64.5%, HPV L1/PD-L1 detection combined colposcopy was 71.6% and 89.6%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the HPV L1/PD-L1 combined test for the diagnosis of CIN3 and above cervical lesions were 71.9% and 86.1%, HPV L1/PD-L1 combined with colposcopy were 50.5% and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The specificity of HPV L1/PD-L1 detection combined with colposcopy for CIN2 and above lesions is higher than that of HPV L1 detection alone, PD-L1 detection alone and colposcopy alone. HPV L1/PD-L1 detection combined with colposcopy detection for CIN3 and above lesions has an important auxiliary diagnostic value.

Effect of different harvesting and purification methods on autologous adipocyte viability: theoretical research and application advances / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:How to improve the survival rate after fat transplantation and reduce postoperative complications is always a hotspot.OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress concerning the effect of different harvesting and purification methods on adipocyte viability.METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed,Embase,and Elsevier databases was performed for the literatures addressing the effect of different harvesting and purification methods on adipocyte viability in autologous fat transplantation using the keywords of "autologous fat transplantation,fat grafting,harvesting,aspiration,centrifugation,adipocyte graft survival,water jet-assisted liposuction,Nanofat Grafting" in English and Chinese,respectively.Irrelevant and repetitive papers were excluded,and finally 42 papers were included for further analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Autologous fat tissue has become the ideal filling material because of its remarkable advantages.Nonetheless,low adipocyte survival rate and post-transplantation complications,such as high absorption rate,probable cyst,and calcification,limit its clinical application.During autologous fat transplantation,multiple factors can affect the survival rate of fat tissues.It can assist surgeons to choose the optimal method to maximize autologous fat survival rate,reduce postoperative complications such as absorption by understanding the effect of different harvesting and purification methods on adipocyte viability.

Effect of different additive ingredients on the activity of adipocytes: research progress and application status / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Autologous adipose tissue has become an ideal filling material due to the fact that it has no rejection reaction, but has abundant source, good texture and appearance after transplantation, and low cost.OBJECTIVE: To review the research advance in the effect of different additive ingredients on the activity of adipocytes.METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Elsevier, and Embase databases was conducted for the articles about adipocyte viability using the keywords of "autologous adipose tissue, rate of survival,stromal vascular fraction, platelet-rich plasma, growth factor, adipose derived stem cells, leptin" in English and Chinese,respectively. Finally 47 eligible articles were included for further analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autologous fat transplantation still holds some limitations. It has been found that the survival rate of single autologous fat globules is less than 60%. The high absorption rate of adipose tissues, cyst,calcification and other complications after transplantation restrict its far-ranging application. In order to improve the survival rate of transplanted adipose tissues, most of scholars have been trying to improve the method of liposuction,cryopreservation conditions, or add different ingredients such as platelet-rich plasma and stromal vascular fraction. The stromal vascular fraction, platelet rich plasma, adipose derived stem cells, botulinum toxin A, and some cytokines have been confirmed to be feasible and effective according to a series of trials; however, the studies on leptin and some other kinds of cytokines and drugs still in the experimental stage, which need to be explored in depth.

Study on a novel reactor of sludge process reduction for domestic sewage treatment.

A laboratory-scale novel Sludge Reduction Reactor with Arc Guide Plate (SRR) for sludge process reduction was developed in this study. Pollutant removal efficiency and biomass yield for domestic sewage treatment in the Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic-SRR (A2/O-SRR) process were compared with performances in a control A2/O process. One of the competitive advantages in the SRR was that part of the inert suspended solids (ISS) could be separated and discharged out of system with flux at the bottom of the SRR. Mixed liquid volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) in the A2/O-SRR system also could be steadily kept at a good level under a relatively long solid retention time. The average MLVSS/mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) ratio of 77.5% in the A2/O-SRR was higher than that in the A2/O process. Average removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and NH4(+) showed little difference, while total phosphorous (TP) removal efficiency in the A2/O-SRR decreased slightly (81.89% in the A2/O-SRR and 86.50% in the A2/O process) due to the reduction of sludge discharge. The A2/O-SRR system demonstrated a considerable sludge reduction effect, with the sludge reduction ratio of 43.8%, lower solid volume index and higher dehydrogenase activity (DHA) value in comparison to the control A2/O system. The mainly mechanisms of sludge reduction in the SRR have been proved to be the uncoupling effect under the condition of anaerobic/oxic circulation and the sludge lysis with the lack of substrate.

[Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water from Jialing River in Chongqing].

To understand the composition, sources and contamination characteristics of PAHs in surface water from Jialing River in Chongqing, water samples were collected from 8 different sections in August 2009 and the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs were determined using GC-MS. The results indicated that the concentration of Sigma PAHs (the total PAHs) in the water body ranged from 467.13 to 987.97 ng x L(-1), with an average concentration of 702.91 ng x L(-1). PAHs concentrations in surface waters were positively correlated with the dissolved organic carbon content. The predominant PAHs in the water body were 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 68.90% of Sigma PAHs. The ratios of specific PAHs revealed that the main PAHs source in Cuntan was the combustion of wood and coal, the origin of PAHs in Caotianmen was mostly petrogenic; whereas the main PAHs source in other sampling sections of Jialing River in Chongqing was petroleum combustion. Compared with other areas in China, the PAHs contamination in Jialing River around Chongqing was at a relatively low level, however, the concentrations of BaP in the surface water of 5 sampling sites exceeded the environmental quality standards for surface water in China.

[Studies on characterization of humic acids extracted from sediments in Chongqing section of the Jialingjiang River].

Humic acids (HAs) were extracted from sediments of different segments in the Jialingjiang River. Fluorescence spectroscopy, elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry were used to investigate the chemical composition and structure characteristics of HAs. Elemental analysis showed that H/C, O/C, and C/N molar rations were significantly different among 4 HAs, which indicated their differences in chemical composition and structure characteristics. FTIR spectra revealed that HAs contained more carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, and aromatic structure was very obvious. The three dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix (3DEEM) spectra of HAs presented two main peaks (peak a and peak b) at Ex/Em = 270/390 nm and Ex/Em = 230/350 nm. The relative fluorescence intensities i(A)/I(b) varied from 1.31 to 2.53 for different HA samples, which revealed that they contained multiple molecule fluorophores. Fluorescence index (f4550/500 = 1.43-1.53) suggested that HAs mainly originated from terrestrial sources.

[Effect of the influent COD and C/N ratio on phosphorus removal of UCT system].

UCT is deeply influenced by COD and C/N ratios. To check this infection, the UCT system was designed to run at variety of influent COD and C/N ratios. The results show that: when the influent C/N ratio is lower than 15, the high influent concentration of COD increases the proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria and decreases the phenomenon release rate. When the influent C/N ratio is higher than 20, the low influent concentration of TN decreases the proliferation of heterotrophic bacteria, the phenomenon release rate rise with the increase of COD. When the influent concentration of COD is lower than 350 mg/L, the phenomenon of denitrifying phosphorus-uptake is very remarkable. The phenomenon release is remarkable when the influent concentration of COD is higher than 350 mg/L. When the influent concentration of COD is lower than 350 mg/L, the promotion of C/N ratio which in the range of 10-20 is obvious, and the promotion decreases along with the increase of C/N ratio. The removal efficiency of total phosphorus achieve higher than 80% steadily when the influent concentration of COD in the range of 250-450 mg/L even in different influent C/N ratio.

[Preliminary study on bacterial culture through near-natural pure culture technique].

Based on the ecological features of mutual benefits of different microbes in natural environment, near-natural pure culture technique which was an improvement of conventional pure culture method had been put forward. The key point of this new method was to make hole petri dishes covered with millipore membranes. When these covered dishes being used to culture microorganisms, it could provide incubated microbes active materials from native environment, maintain free communicating with outside microbes, and improve their recovery and culturability of some bacteria. To some degree, this technique enhanced their strengths and overcome their weaknesses of mixed culture method and conventional pure culture method so as to increase microbial culturability and even possibly obtain some nonculturable microorganisms.

[Ecological interpretation and related strategies for low culturability of microorganisms].

Pure culture technique has been a fundamental method since its invention in microbiology, but its isolated and monotonous environment contradicts microbial diversity and cooperation relationship in natural environment. And this contradiction directly results in the uncultivability of some microbes in media. From ecological viewpoint, the recovery barriers of natural microbes mainly include the crash of cooperation in natural environment, the great change of nutrient in new environment and the loss of native niche. The main methods and strategies on low curturability of microorganisms are culture-independent methods, enrichment culture, mixed culture, dilution culture, simulating nature culture and synthetic method, which can to some degree compensate for the traditional approach and improve the low culturability of some bacteria.

Effect of gastric mucosa cell turnover on the adaptive cytoprotection in chronic alcohol drinking rat / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the correlation between the gastric adaptive cytoprotection and the low concentration alcohol intake in a chronic drinking rat model and the effect of chronic ethanol exposures on the cell turnover of the gastric mucosa and its possible role in adaptive cytoprotection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sprague-Dawley rats received the drinking water containing 6% (v/v) ethanol as their only water intake for 28 days. In the different stages of the 28 days (1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days), the stomachs of the rats were cannulated and perfused with pure ethanol, and the severity of mucosal lesions was measured in 2 hours at the end of perfusion respectively. The cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric mucosa of rats in different groups were analyzed by flow cytometer, immunohistochemistry and computer image analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pure ethanol caused ulcer and haemorrhagic damage in the corpus and antral mucosa of the control rats. These lesions were prevented by pretreatment of the animals with ethanol exposure in the 3 rd to 14 th days. The damage index was decreased by 80%, as compared with those in control rats. There was no significant difference in the rats exposed to the ethanol in the 1st and 28th days. Compared with control, the cell apoptosis in gastric mucosa of the rats was enhanced during they exposure to the ethanol in the 3rd to 28th days. Otherwise the cell proliferation was increased in the 3rd to 28th days, and decreased in the 28th days, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic adequate alcohol intake may enhance the cell turnover of gastric mucosa and lead to an adaptive cytoprotection. Long-term stimulus with the low concentration ethanol may cause the atrophy of gastric mucosa and reduce the gastric mucosal cytoprotective effect.</p>

Capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and endogenous NO mediate the gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal blood flow in intragastric distention in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM AND METHODS</b>By hydrogen gas clearance technique to measure gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and a high dose of capsaicin to ablate the capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers, the roles of capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and endogenous NO in the gastric acid secretion and hyperemic response to intragastric distention were studied in rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There was an increase in acid secretion associated with the increase in GMBF to intragastric distention. (2) Pretreatment with a high dose of capsaicin to ablate afferent fibers completely abolished the GMBF and partially inhibited the acid secretion during the intragastric distention. (3) The increase in GMBF to intragastric distention was completely blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME, whereas the acid secretion was significantly attenuated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and endogenous NO are involved in the increases of gastric acid secretion and GMBF.</p>

The effects of neuropeptides on the regulations of gastric mucosal blood flow in central nervous system and periphery in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), gastrin 17 (G17), bombesin (Bom), met-enkephalin (Met-enk), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and somatostatin (SS) on GMBF and the role of endogenous NO in increased GMBF induced by neuropeptides in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By hydrogen gas clearance technique to measure gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and arterial infusion close to stomach or intracerebroventricular (icv) to microinject neuropeptides.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Arterial infusions of CGRP and G17 (5, 50 and 100 pmol x min(-1)) increased GMBF significantly in dose-dependent manners. CGRP had more effective effect on increasing GMBF than that of G17. Intravenous pretreatment of L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to inhibit the synthesis of endogenous NO could abolish completely or partially the increases in GMBF response to CGRP or G17 respectively. (2) Arterial infusions of Bom and Met-enk (50 and 100 pmol x min(-1)) increased GMBF significantly. The increases in GMBF induced by Bom or Met-enk were abolished completely or partially by pretreatment of L-NAME respectively. (3) Arterial infusion of NPY (5, 50 and 100 pmol x min(-1)) led to reduction of GMBF significantly in a dose-dependent manner. SS (50 and 100 pmol x min(-1)) also reduced GMBF significantly. (4) icv microinjection of CGRP (10 microg) and G17 (10 Microg) increased GMBF significantly. The increases in GMBF induced by icv microinjection of CGRP or G17 were blocked completely or partially respectively by pretreatments with L-NAME. (5) icv microinjection of NPY (10 microg) decreased GMBF significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Neuropeptides play important roles in the regulation of GMBF in rats and NO is involved in the increase of GMBF induced by some neuropeptides.</p>