ABSTRACT
Mitochondria from different types of cancer show bioenergetics and dysfunction that favor cell proliferation. The mechanistic understanding of estrogen in cervical cancer is poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how 17ßestradiol (E2) affects mitochondrial function and the Warburg effect in SiHa, HeLa and C33A cervical cancer cells. Mitochondrial compromise was evaluated measuring changes in the membrane permeability by immunofluorescence, calcium concentration, redox status, iron and ferritin reserves. Glucose consumption and lactic acid assays were used to detect the metabolic activity. Results were confirmed at molecular level by analysis of the differential gene expression using RNA sequencing. E2 modified the mitochondrial permeability and produced an alteration in the calcium signaling pathway. In HeLa and SiHa, there was a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels and lipid peroxidation, and an increase in glucose consumption and lactic acid levels when stimulated with E2. Intracellular iron or ferritin reserves were not affected by the E2 treatment. Genes differentially modulated by E2 were involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation system, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and the regulation of metabolic signaling pathways. Herein, we provide evidence for a primary effect of estrogen on mitochondrial function and the Warburg effect, favoring the metabolic adaptation of the cervical cancer cell lines and their survival.
Subject(s)
Cell Proliferation , Estradiol/pharmacology , Glucose/metabolism , Mitochondria/pathology , Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects , Stress, Physiological , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Apoptosis , Energy Metabolism , Estrogens/pharmacology , Female , Glycolysis , Humans , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species , Signal Transduction , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/drug therapy , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
Se ha descrito que el núcleo del tracto solitario (NTS), estructura del tallo cerebral y vía de relevo de las aferencias del los quimiorreceptores del senocuerpo carotídeo (RSCC), participa en el aumento en la retención de glucosa por el cerebro (RGC) ante una hipoxia. Es probable que en esta respuesta participe el óxido nítrico (NO) y la proteína Fos. En este trabajo se analiza el papel del NO en el NTS sobre la modificación de la RGC y la expresión de la proteína inmunorreactiva Fos (Fos-ir) en ratas in vivo. La inyección de un donador del NO como es el nitroprusiato de sodio (NPS) en el NTS, 4 min antes de la estimulación de los RSCC, disminuyó la RGC, pero incrementó la expresión de Fos-ir en un mayor número de neuronas en el NTS con respecto a las ratas control, que sólo recibieron líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (LCRa) antes de la estimulación RSCC. En contraste, un inhibidor selectivo del NO como el N?-nitro-L-arginina metil éster (L-NAME) en el NTS 4 min antes de la estimulación RSCC con NaCN, aumentó la RGC, pero disminuyó el número de neuronas Fos-ir comparados con el control o con NPS. La detección inmunohistoquímica de la expresión de Fos-ir en las células del tallo cerebral indica que la estimulación RSCC activa vías dependientes de NO en el NTS, para regular la RGC. El estudio de esta población de células en el NTS, serß importante para definir su caracterización.
It has been said that the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), one structure of the brain stem and path of apherences of chemoreceptors of carotid sinus-body, is involved in the increased glucose retention by the brain in case of hypoxia. It is likely that nitric oxide and Fos protein also take part in this response. This paper analyzes the role of nitric oxide in the NTS on the change of glucose retention by the brain and the expression of inmunoreactive protein Fos (ir-Fos) in rats in vivo. The injection of a NO donor such as sodium nitroprusiate in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors decreased glucose retention by the brain but increased the expression of ir-Fos in a higher number of neurons in NTS with respect to control group rats which only received artificial cerebrospinal fluid before the stimulation. In contrast, the use of a selective NO inhibitor such as NO-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of the chemoreceptors with NaCN, increased the glucose retention by the brain but reduced the number of neurons with ir-Fos expression when compared with the control group or the sodium nitroprusiate injection. The immunohistochemical detection of ir-Fos expression in the brain stem cells indicated that stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors activated NO-dependent paths in the NTS to regulate glucose retention by the brain. The study of this cell population in the NTS will be important to define its characterization.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Hypoxia/pathology , Glucose , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Brain Stem/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Se ha descrito que el núcleo del tracto solitario (NTS), estructura del tallo cerebral y vía de relevo de las aferencias del los quimiorreceptores del senocuerpo carotídeo (RSCC), participa en el aumento en la retención de glucosa por el cerebro (RGC) ante una hipoxia. Es probable que en esta respuesta participe el óxido nítrico (NO) y la proteína Fos. En este trabajo se analiza el papel del NO en el NTS sobre la modificación de la RGC y la expresión de la proteína inmunorreactiva Fos (Fos-ir) en ratas in vivo. La inyección de un donador del NO como es el nitroprusiato de sodio (NPS) en el NTS, 4 min antes de la estimulación de los RSCC, disminuyó la RGC, pero incrementó la expresión de Fos-ir en un mayor número de neuronas en el NTS con respecto a las ratas control, que sólo recibieron líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (LCRa) antes de la estimulación RSCC. En contraste, un inhibidor selectivo del NO como el N?-nitro-L-arginina metil éster (L-NAME) en el NTS 4 min antes de la estimulación RSCC con NaCN, aumentó la RGC, pero disminuyó el número de neuronas Fos-ir comparados con el control o con NPS. La detección inmunohistoquímica de la expresión de Fos-ir en las células del tallo cerebral indica que la estimulación RSCC activa vías dependientes de NO en el NTS, para regular la RGC. El estudio de esta población de células en el NTS, serß importante para definir su caracterización(AU)
It has been said that the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), one structure of the brain stem and path of apherences of chemoreceptors of carotid sinus-body, is involved in the increased glucose retention by the brain in case of hypoxia. It is likely that nitric oxide and Fos protein also take part in this response. This paper analyzes the role of nitric oxide in the NTS on the change of glucose retention by the brain and the expression of inmunoreactive protein Fos (ir-Fos) in rats in vivo. The injection of a NO donor such as sodium nitroprusiate in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors decreased glucose retention by the brain but increased the expression of ir-Fos in a higher number of neurons in NTS with respect to control group rats which only received artificial cerebrospinal fluid before the stimulation. In contrast, the use of a selective NO inhibitor such as NO-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the NTS four minutes before the stimulation of the chemoreceptors with NaCN, increased the glucose retention by the brain but reduced the number of neurons with ir-Fos expression when compared with the control group or the sodium nitroprusiate injection. The immunohistochemical detection of ir-Fos expression in the brain stem cells indicated that stimulation of carotid sinus-body chemoreceptors activated NO-dependent paths in the NTS to regulate glucose retention by the brain. The study of this cell population in the NTS will be important to define its characterization(AU)
