An Image Detection Model for Aggressive Behavior of Group Sheep.

Sheep aggression detection is crucial for maintaining the welfare of a large-scale sheep breeding environment. Currently, animal aggression is predominantly detected using image and video detection methods. However, there is a lack of lightweight network models available for detecting aggressive behavior among groups of sheep. Therefore, this paper proposes a model for image detection of aggression behavior in group sheep. The proposed model utilizes the GhostNet network as its feature extraction network, incorporating the PWConv and Channel Shuffle operations into the GhostConv module. These additional modules improve the exchange of information between different feature maps. An ablation experiment was conducted to compare the detection effectiveness of the two modules in different positions. For increasing the amount of information in feature maps of the GhostBottleneck module, we applied the Inverted-GhostBottleneck module, which introduces inverted residual structure based on GhostBottleneck. The improved GhostNet lightweight feature extraction network achieves 94.7% Precision and 90.7% Recall, and its model size is only 62.7% of YOLOv5. Our improved model surpasses the original model in performance. Furthermore, it addresses the limitation of the video detection model, which was unable to accurately locate aggressive sheep. In real-time, our improved model successfully detects aggressive behavior among group sheep.

Electrochemistry-Driven Interphase Doubly Protects Graphite Cathodes for Ultralong Life and Fast Charge of Dual-Ion Batteries.

Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) with graphite as cathode material, show superiority in terms of sustainability, affordability, and environmental impact over Li-ion batteries that rely on transition-metal based cathodes. However, graphite cathodes severely suffer from poor structural stability during anion storage at high potentials because of the co-intercalation and oxidative decomposition of electrolytes. This work presents an in situ electrochemistry-driven route to create a bifunctional interphase through implantation of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) (DTPMP) on the surface of graphite particles. The reaction mechanisms and functions of DTPMP are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The DTPMP-derived interphase not only improves the antioxidative stability of electrolytes but also benefits the desolvation of PF6 - anions, which doubly protect the graphitic structure and give rise to fast-charge and ultralong cycling performance of graphite cathodes in DIBs.

Prefabrication of "Trinity" Functional Binary Layers on a Silicon Surface to Develop High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The silicon (Si) anode is widely recognized as the most prospective next-generation anode. To promote the application of Si electrodes, it is imperative to address persistent interface side reactions caused by the huge volume expansion of Si particles. Herein, we introduce beneficial groups of the optimized binder and electrolyte on the Si surface by a co-dissolution method, realizing a "trinity" functional layer composed of azodicarbonamide and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl fluoride (AN). The "trinity" functional AN interfacial layer induces beneficial reductive decomposition reactions of the electrolyte and forms a hybrid solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) skin layer with uniformly distributed organic/inorganic components, which can enhance the mechanical strength of the overall electrode, restrain harmful electrolyte depletion reactions, and maintain efficient ion/electron transport. Hence, the optimized Si@AN11 electrode retains 1407.9 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles and still delivers 1773.5 mAh g-1 at 10 C. In stark contrast, Si anodes have almost no reserved capacity at the same test conditions. Besides, the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2//Si@AN11 full-cell maintains 141.2 mAh g-1 after 350 cycles. This work demonstrates the potential of developing multiple composite artificial layers to modulate the SEI properties of various next-generation electrodes.

Ultrafast Charge and Long Life of High-Voltage Cathodes for Dual-Ion Batteries via a Bifunctional Interphase Nanolayer on Graphite Particles.

Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) with Co/Ni-free cathodes especially graphite cathodes are very attractive energy storage systems in the long run because of the cost effectiveness and sustainability. However, graphite cathodes severely suffer from poor structural stability during anions storage at high potentials owing to the oxidative decomposition of electrolytes and volume expansion. This work proposes an artificial cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) strategy by implanting polyphosphoric acid (PPA) nanofilms tightly on natural graphite (NG) particles via interfacial hydrogen bonding. The electrochemical results show that the PPA-modified graphite cathodes possess enhanced charge-discharge reversibility, accelerated electrode reaction kinetic, decreased resistance, decelerated self-discharge, and prolonged cycling life. Through post-analyses on the cycled graphite cathodes, the improved performance is mainly attributed to the PPA-based CEI, which effectively mitigates the electrolyte decomposition and protects the graphitic structure. More interestingly, the hydrogen bonding interactions between poly(vinyldifluoride) (PVDF) binder and PPA as validated through density functional theory calculations and practical experiments can increase the contact sites of PVDF chains on NG@PPA particles. Meanwhile, the cross-linking effect of PPA can enhance the mechanical strength of PVDF, thus the long life of NG@PPA cathode is also correlated with the improved mechanical stability of the entire electrode.

Construction of a LiF-Rich and Stable SEI Film by Designing a Binary, Ion-, and Electron-Conducting Buffer Interface on the Si Surface.

Stabilizing a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the Si surface is a prerequisite for realizing silicon (Si) anode applications. Interfacial engineering is one of the effective strategies to construct stable SEI films on Si surfaces and improve the electrochemical performance of the Si anodes. This work develops a silver (Ag)-decorated mucic acid (MA) buffer interface on the Si surface and the obtained Si@MA*Ag anode retains 1567 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 2.1 A g-1 and exhibits 1740 mAh g-1 at 126 A g-1, which are significantly higher than those of the bare Si anode of 247 and 145 mAh g-1 under the same conditions, respectively. Analysis indicates that the improved electrochemical performance is because of the depressed volume effect of the Si particles and the sustained integrity of the electrode laminate during cycling, the enhanced lithium diffusion on the Si surface, and the improved electronic conductivity of the Si anode, as well as the facilitated formation of inorganic components in the SEI film.

In Situ Construction of a Multifunctional Interface Regulator with Amino-Modified Conjugated Diene toward High-Rate and Long-Cycle Silicon Anodes.

Silicon (Si) is deemed to be the next-generation lithium-ion battery anode. However, on account of the poor electronic conductivity of Si materials and the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase layer, the electrochemical performance of Si anodes is far from reaching the application level. In this work, a multifunctional poly(propargylamine) (PPA) interlayer is constructed on the Si surface via a simple in situ polymerization method. Benefiting from the electronic conductivity, ionic conductivity, robust interphase interactions for hydrogen bonding, and stability of multifunctional PPA, the optimized Si@PPA-7% electrode shows improved lithium storage capability. A high capacity of 1316.3 mAh g-1 is retained after 500 cycles at 2.1 A g-1, and 2370.3 mAh g-1 can be delivered at 42 A g-1, which are in stark contrast to the unmodified Si electrode. Furthermore, the rate and cycle capabilities of the LiFePO4//Si@PPA-7% full cell are also obviously better than those of LiFePO4//Si.

In Situ Developed Si@Polymethyl Methacrylate Capsule as a Li-Ion Battery Anode with High-Rate and Long Cycle-Life.

The development of Si-based lithium-ion batteries is restricted by the large volume expansion of Si materials and the unstable solid electrolyte interface film. Herein, a novel Si capsule with in situ developed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) shell is prepared via microemulsion polymerization, in which PMMA has high lithium conductivity, high elasticity, certain viscosity in electrolytes, as well as good electrolyte retention ability. Taking advantage of the microcapsule structure with the PMMA capsid, the novel Si capsule anode retains 1.2 mA h/cm2 at a current density of 2 A/g after 200 electrochemical cycles and delivers higher than 66% of its initial capacity at 42 A/g.