ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The relationship between cognitive function and frailty in moyamoya disease (MMD) remains unclear, and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) mediate the association between frailty and cognitive impairment in MMD. METHODS: Patients with MMD were consecutively enrolled in our study from January 2021 to May 2023. Pre-admission frailty and cognition were assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and cognitive tests, respectively. Regional deep WMH (DWMH) and periventricular WMH (PWMH) volumes were calculated using the Brain Anatomical Analysis using Diffeomorphic deformation toolbox based on SPM 12 software. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between frailty and cognitive function in MMD. Mediation analysis was performed to assess whether WMHs explained the association between frailty and cognition. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients with MMD were enrolled in this study. On the basis of the CFS scores, 24 patients were classified as frail, 38 as pre-frail, and 23 as robust. Significant differences were observed in learning, memory, processing speed, executive functions, and semantic memory among the three groups (p < 0.001). Frailty was independently associated with memory and executive functions (p < 0.05); even after controlling for WMH. Mediation analysis indicated that the associations of frailty with memory and executive functions were partially mediated by WMH, DWMH, and PWMH (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Frailty is significantly correlated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment in MMD, even after adjusting for other covariates. WMHs partially mediate the association between frailty and cognitive impairment.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Frailty , Moyamoya Disease , White Matter , Humans , Male , Female , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Moyamoya Disease/complications , Moyamoya Disease/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/pathology , Frailty/complications , Frailty/diagnostic imaging , Middle Aged , Adult , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
Metal halide perovskite single crystals are promising for diverse optoelectronic applications. As a universal issue of solution-grown perovskite single crystals, surface contamination causes adverse effect on material properties and device performance. Herein, learning from the self-cleaning effect of lotus leaf, we address the surface contamination issue by introducing an amphiphilic long-chain organic amine into the perovskite crystal growth solution. Self-assembly of CTAC provides a hydrophobic crystal surface, inducing spontaneous removal of residual growth solution, which results in clean surface and better optoelectronic properties of perovskite single crystals. An impressive efficiency of 23.4 % is obtained, setting a new record for FAx MA1-x PbI3 single-crystal perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, our strategy also applies to perovskite single crystals with different morphology and composition, which may contribute to improvement of other single-crystal perovskite optoelectronic devices.
ABSTRACT
The use of WO3 as an acid catalyst has received extensive attention in recent years. However, the correlation between the catalytic activity and the predominantly exposed surface with varied acidic sites needs further understanding. Herein, the effects of the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites of different crystal facets of WO3 on the catalytic conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FA) to ethyl levulinate (EL) in ethanol were investigated in detail. A yield of EL up to 93.3% over WO3 with the (110) facet exposed was achieved at 170 °C, while FA was mainly converted to polymers over (001) faceted nanosheets and nanobelts with exposed (002) and (100) facets. This was attributed to the different distribution of the acidic sites on different exposed crystal facets. The (110) faceted WO3 possessed abundant and strong Brønsted acid sites, which favored the conversion of FA to EL, while the (100) faceted WO3 with stronger Lewis acid sites and weaker Brønsted acid sites mainly led to the formation of polymers. In addition, the (110) faceted WO3 showed excellent sustainability in comparison with the (100) faceted counterpart.
