ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Thousands of American children under the age of 10 years are injured annually as pedestrians. Despite the scope of this public health problem, knowledge about behavioural control and developmental factors involved in the aetiology of child pedestrian safety is limited. The present study examined the roles of gender, age and two aspects of cognitive development (visual search and efficiency of processing) in children's safe pedestrian route selection. METHODS: Measures of cognitive functioning (visual search and efficiency) and selections of risky pedestrian routes were collected from 65 children aged 5-9 years. RESULTS: Boys, younger children and those with less developed cognitive functioning selected riskier pedestrian routes. Cognitive functioning also subsumed age as a predictor of risky route selections. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest developmental differences, specifically less developed cognitive functioning, play important roles in children's pedestrian decision making. Directions for future examination are discussed.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control , Child Development , Walking , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Wounds and Injuries/prevention & control , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Choice Behavior , Cognition , Female , Gender Identity , Humans , Inhibition, Psychological , Knowledge , Male , SafetyABSTRACT
This review summarizes the most recent findings and the future directions in designing cancer vaccines. The newest tumor-associated antigens and the most promising approaches to cancer vaccine development are discussed. We categorized them as follows: peptide vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, DNA vaccines, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, and the use of heat shock proteins and adjuvants. We focus on their advantages and disadvantages in addition to clinical potential.
