ABSTRACT
Flavonoids are widely used as phytomedicines. Here, we report on flavonoid phytomedicines with potential for development into prophylactics or therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These flavonoid-based phytomedicines include: caflanone, Equivir, hesperetin, myricetin, and Linebacker. Our in silico studies show that these flavonoid-based molecules can bind with high affinity to the spike protein, helicase, and protease sites on the ACE2 receptor used by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to infect cells and cause COVID-19. Meanwhile, in vitro studies show potential of caflanone to inhibit virus entry factors including, ABL-2, cathepsin L, cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, Mip-1α, TNF-α), and PI4Kiiiß as well as AXL-2, which facilitates mother-to-fetus transmission of coronavirus. The potential for the use of smart drug delivery technologies like nanoparticle drones loaded with these phytomedicines to overcome bioavailability limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy are discussed.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Coronavirus OC43, Human/drug effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Betacoronavirus/chemistry , Betacoronavirus/growth & development , Binding Sites , COVID-19 , Chloroquine/chemistry , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Coronavirus Infections/genetics , Coronavirus OC43, Human/chemistry , Coronavirus OC43, Human/growth & development , Drug Carriers/administration & dosage , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Flavonoids/chemistry , Humans , Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors , Interleukins/chemistry , Interleukins/genetics , Interleukins/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology , Lung/drug effects , Lung/pathology , Lung/virology , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Pandemics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Phytotherapy/methods , Pneumonia, Viral/genetics , Primary Cell Culture , Protein Binding , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism , Thermodynamics , Virus Internalization/drug effectsABSTRACT
Complex, humanitrian emergencie, lack a mechanism to coordinate, communicate, assess and evaluate response and outcome for the major participant (United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, nongovernmental organizations and military force). Success in these emergecies will depend on the ability to accomplish agreed upon measures of effectiveness (MOEs). A recent civil-military humanitarian exercive demostrated the ability of participants to develop consensus-driven MOEs. Measures of effectiveness have the potential to be a unifying disaster management tool and a partial solution to the communication and coordination problems inherent in these complex emergencies (AU)
Subject(s)
Disaster Planning , International Cooperation , Red Cross , Risk Assessment , United Nations , Relief Work , Military Medicine , Security Measures , WarfareABSTRACT
Complex humanitarian emergencies lack a mechanism to coordinate, communicate, assess, and evaluate response and outcome for the major participants (United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, nobgovernmental organization and military forces). Success in these emergencies will depend on the ability to accomplish agreed upon measures of effectiveness (MOEs). A recent civil-military humanitarian exercise demonstrated the ability of participants to develop consensus-driven MOEs.(AU)
