Introducing quality assurance to health service delivery--some approaches from South Africa, Ghana and Kenya.

The following report combines the contributions of four health care professionals engaged in quality improvement activities in three different areas of Africa--Ghana in West Africa, Kenya in the East, and the Republic of South Africa. These reports provide current and vivid accounts of the impact of quality assurance and quality improvement activities on areas of change in each country's rapidly expanding health care system.

A fifteen-year review of female sterilization by minilaparotomy under local anesthesia in Kenya.

This paper is a comprehensive review of literature concerning the Kenyan experience with female sterilization through minilaparotomy under local anesthesia (ML/LA). A composite picture from analysis of several studies that include some 12,000 clients since 1979 reveals an average Kenyan user to be 31-34 years old (SD 4.9) with 5.9-6.8 children (SD 1.7-1.8). In up to 96% of cases, the indication for choosing sterilization is personal socio-economic considerations. The majority of clients (97%-99%) report satisfaction with their choice of sterilization at the first follow-up visit, and 96-99% state that they would recommend the method to others. The operation takes an average of 14 min (SD 4.5-5.3) "skin-to-skin" through a 2.5.2.8 cm incision (SD 0.5). A mean of 18 cm3 of 1% lignocaine is used (SD 2.7). Most clients (76.4%) have no post-operative complaints; those who do have any complaints report minor transitory problems. Similarly, most clients (96%) have moderate, little, or no peri-operative pain, but 1.9%-5% report much pain. The intra-operative and early complication rate is 0.9%. Some 3.3% of clients suffer at least one complication, some multiple, and the complication rate at 6 weeks is 4.1%, with major complications occurring in 0.7% of cases, and minor complications in 3.4%. The crude failure rate is 0.4% in the first year and 0.1% in the second year, when corrected for luteal phase pregnancies, which account for 50% of all "failures," the actual failure rate is 0.2% in the first year and 0.1% in the second year both for interval and postpartum procedures. This literature review finds outpatient ML/LA to be a relatively safe, simple, effective, and well-accepted option for most Kenyan couples seeking contraception that is intended to be permanent. Counseling, adequate client assessment, and voluntarism have been shown to be essential elements, not only for client satisfaction and avoidance of possible future regret, but also for technical ease of the operative procedure. Recommendations that derive from the Kenya experience are made.

Client flow analysis: a practical management technique for outpatient clinic settings.

Client flow analysis (CFA) is a practical technique to help address one of the most frequently cited causes of patient disquiet with quality of health services--waiting times. It allows clinic managers and workers to look at the way that clients and patients move through the clinic. It gives information on waiting times, time spent in contact with different service providers, bottle-neck areas in services and staff utilization patterns. It is a technique which is simple, quickly performed, cost effective, easy to learn and easily transferrable. This paper gives two illustrative examples of sites where CFA has been initiated in Africa--a free-standing family planning clinic and a provincial hospital outpatient clinic. Waiting times were reduced by over one-half and by one-third, respectively. By reducing waiting times for clients and patients and addressing some of the problems of staff time allocation, the quality of clinic operations can be improved for both providers and clients.